Deck 13: Early Life Forms and the Viruses

Question 1

Thhuman immunodeficiency virus may infect

A)sperm cells.
B)white blood cells.
C)purple blood cells.
D)red blood cells.
E)egg cells.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of thfollowing statements is NOT correct about HIV?

A)HIV is able to successfully infect white blood cells and multiply therein.
B)The human immune system is likely to be weakened by infection with HIV.
C)HIV infection may affect the reproductive system of humans.
D)Worldwide, about 20 million people have died from HIV infection.
E)Worldwide, only a small proportion of infected people have access to HIV drugs.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Until which perioof timdiscientists think that molecules of lifcoulonly bproduceby living entities?

A)early 1500s
B)late 1500s
C)early 1600s
D)late 1600s
E)early 1800s

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of thfollowing organisms causmalaria?

A)butterflies
B)mosquitoes
C)flies
D)wasps
E)Plasmodium

Question 5

Worldwide, about __________ million peoplarinfectewith HIV.

A)9
B)19
C)29
D)39
E)49

Question 6

Oxygen gas is unlikely to havparticipatein thorigin of lifon earth becausoxygen gas is

A)reactive.
B)proactive.
C)interactive
D)hyperactive.
E)unreactive.

Question 7

Plasmodiuis likely to destroy

A)sperm cells.
B)white blood cells.
C)purple blood cells.
D)red blood cells.
E)egg cells.

Question 8

Which of thfollowing organisms arvectors of malaria?

A)butterflies
B)mosquitoes
C)flies
D)wasps
E)Plasmodium

Question 9

Which of thfollowing elements is (are) likely to providhints about earth's early atmosphere?

A)ancient rocks
B)volcanic eruptions
C)ancient rocks and volcanic eruptions
D)meteorites and ancient rocks
E)meteorites, volcanic eruptions, and ancient rocks

Question 10

What was thprobablsourcof gases constituting thearly atmosphere?

A)other planets orbiting the sun but close enough to the early earth
B)meteorites
C)volcanoes
D)stromatolites
E)comets

Question 11

Scientific evidences suggest that oxygen gas appeareon earth about __________ years ago.

A)38,000,000,000
B)25,000,000,000
C)2,300,000,000
D)380,000,000
E)4,500,000

Question 12

Which of thfollowing diseases has been eradicatefrothUnites States?

A)malaria
B)tuberculosis
C)AIDS
D)herpes infection
E)pneumonia

Question 13

HIV may affect

A)the human reproductive system.
B)the human circulatory system.
C)the human respiratory system.
D)the human immune system.
E)all of these.

Question 14

Which of thfollowing components was NOT part of thearth's early atmosphere?

A)carbon dioxide
B)water vapor
C)nitrogen
D)oxygen gas
E)hydrogen gas

Question 15

According to scientific evidences, many organic compounds essential for lifcoulNOT foranpersist in thpresencof

A)methane gas.
B)hydrogen gas.
C)oxygen gas.
D)water vapor.
E)carbon dioxide.

Question 16

Malaria is still common in which of thfollowing geographical areas?

A)Central Africa
B)Central America
C)Pacific Islands
D)all of these
E)Central Africa and Central America only

Question 17

Thfirst life-relateancarbon-basemoleculwas synthesizein vitro by a German chemist.What was that molecule?

A)alanine
B)glucose
C)nucleotide
D)urea
E)DNA

Question 18

Thearth another planets of thsolar systewerformeabout __________ billion years ago.

A)3.8
B)4.6
C)3.0
D)2.9
E)5.1

Question 19

Malaria is likely to bendemic in

A)Russia.
B)North China.
C)Gabon.
D)Belgium.
E)New York state.

Question 20

Microorganisms may possibly adapt to which of thfollowing conditions?

A)selective pressures exerted by chemicals
B)high temperatures
C)extremely low temperatures
D)extremely dry and hot seasons
E)all of these

Question 21

Thfirst organisms

A)had to be autotrophic.
B)were parasitic.
C)obtained energy by anaerobic pathways.
D)were aerobes.
E)had all of these characteristics.

Question 22

Photosynthetic organisms using thoxygen-releasing pathway appeareon earth about __________ billion years ago.

A)1.3
B)1.8
C)2.3
D)2.7
E)3.8

Question 23

Two researchers suggestein th1960s that __________ may havbeen thfirst informational molecule.

A)DNA
B)a protein
C)RNA
D)a saccharide
E)a peptide

Question 24

Clay compounds werthought to boriginal sites for thformation of

A)amino acids.
B)sugars.
C)polysaccharides.
D)protein chains.
E)lipid molecules.

Question 25

Experiments likthosperformeby Stanley Miller in th1850s demonstrated

A)that DNA forms readily and produces itself.
B)that many of the organic compounds required for life can form under abiotic conditions.
C)that complete, functioning prokaryotic cells are formed after approximately three months.
D)that a lipid-protein film will eventually be formed by thermal convection.
E)by all of these.

Question 26

Thfirst organisms

A)absorbed their food supplies from the organic molecules that surrounded them.
B)were eukaryotes.
C)utilized fermentation for energy production.
D)utilized ATP.
E)did all of these except they were NOT eukaryotes.

Question 27

Increasin thpopulation of photosynthetic bacteria using thoxygen-releasing pathway leto an increasin thoxygen levels in thseas anair.What was (were) thmajor consequence(s) of that change?
I)aerobic respiration becamthmajor modof life
II)no morself-assembly of complex molecules of life
III)formation of ozonlayer

A)I only
B)II only
C)I and II
D)II and III
E)I, II, and III

Question 28

Which of thfollowing scientists suggestethat RNA may havbeen thfirst informational molecule?

A)Crick and Orgel
B)Crick and Watson
C)Crick and Francis
D)Watson and Euclid
E)Orgel and Euclid

Question 29

Which of thfollowing sites may havbeen thsitof assembly of complex molecules of life?

A)at hydrothermal vents
B)in meteorites
C)at hydrothermal vents and in meteorites
D)in shallow pools of clay-rich tidal flats
E)at hydrothermal vents and in shallow pools of clay-rich tidal flats

Question 30

Early photosynthetic organisms dinot produce

A)sugars.
B)oxygen.
C)lipids.
D)proteins.
E)nucleotides.

Question 31

A hypothesis of thorigin of molecules of lifis that thesmolecules werformed

A)by meteorites which delivered them to earth.
B)in interstellar clouds of ice, dust, and gases and were delivered to earth by meteorites.
C)in interstellar clouds of ice, dust, and gases, including oxygen, and were delivered to earth by meteorites.
D)in supernova clouds of ice, dust, and gases, including oxygen, and were delivered to earth by asteroids.
E)from hydrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen gases in a supernova and were delivered to earth by comets.

Question 32

Which of thfollowing scientists demonstratefor thfirst timthat molecules of lifcoulhavcomfrononliving entities (gases, water, anspark discharge)?

A)Leeuwenhoek
B)Aristotle
C)Miller
D)Fleming
E)Avogadro

Question 33

Which of thfollowing elements may havbeen precursors of modern cells?

A)anaerobic bacteria
B)prokaryotic cells
C)pseudocells
D)archaea
E)protocells

Question 34

According to a widely acceptehypothesis, clay may havplayean essential rolin thformation of complex molecules of life.How may clay havparticipatein that process?

A)by attracting and concentrating precursor molecules of complex organic compounds
B)by catalyzing reactions on synthesis
C)by transferring electrons from one component to another
D)by binding covalently to precursor molecules and allowing rearrangement of atoms within those molecules
E)by gathering from the sun energy necessary to power reactions of synthesis of complex molecules

Question 35

Which of thfollowing was NOT includein Miller's reaction chamber, which dicontain substances intendeto duplicatthatmospherof ancient earth?

A)carbon dioxide
B)methane
C)ammonia
D)water vapor
E)methane and ammonia

Question 36

__________ ardome-shapestructures composeof layers of early cells ansediments.

A)Meteorites
B)Pumice stones
C)Stromatolites
D)Rhyolites
E)Ignimbrites

Question 37

Which of thfollowing statements may apply to early cells?

A)They were prokaryotic cells.
B)It is likely that early cells did not have a nucleus but had membrane-bound organelles.
C)Early cells may have used oxygen gas in order to thrive successfully.
D)Energy from the sun may have been used by early cells.
E)All of these statements apply.

Question 38

Stromatolites appeareabout __________ years ago.

A)6,000
B)1,000,000
C)250,000,000,000
D)3,500,000,000
E)50,000,000,000

Question 39

Therarseveral evidences that RNA may have

A)carried genetic information.
B)contained some enzymatic activity.
C)been the precursor of polysaccharides.
D)carried both genetic information and some enzymatic activity.
E)carried genetic information, some enzymatic activity, and been the precursor of polysaccharides.

Question 40

Thprimitivtemplatthat was thought to busefor forming chains that resemblproteins or nucleic acids was

A)stratified mica crystals.
B)clay compounds.
C)the bottom of tidal pools.
D)dried-out mud flats.
E)pockets in lava beds.

Question 41

Thearliest animals appeareabout __________ years ago.

A)2,700,000,000
B)570,000,000
C)36,000,000,000
D)750,000,000
E)15,000,000

Question 42

Which of thfollowing eukaryotic organelles arbelieveto havexisteas independent prokaryotes in thpast?

A)chloroplasts
B)chloroplasts and mitochondria
C)mitochondria and lysosomes
D)lysosomes and peroxisomes
E)peroxisomes

Question 43

A coccus

A)is a rod-shaped bacterium.
B)is a spherical bacterium.
C)is a bacterium with an intermediate shape (between spherical and rod-shaped)
D)is a spiral-shaped bacterium.
E)is a polymorph bacterium.

Question 44

Thfirst eukaryotic cells may havbeen

A)bacteria.
B)archaea.
C)protists.
D)algae.
E)fungi.

Question 45

Which of thfollowing organisms sharespacwith thfirst animals?

A)bacteria
B)archaeans
C)fungi
D)protists
E)all of these

Question 46

Prokaryotic cells may

A)feed on animals and plants.
B)make their own food using light (as a source of energy), inorganic carbon, and water.
C)get their energy and carbon by breaking down organic compounds obtained from other organisms.
D)remove electrons from inorganic substances.
E)do all of these.

Question 47

Bacteria

A)have cell walls composed of cellulose.
B)reproduce primarily sexually.
C)have a single chromosome.
D)are eukaryotes.
E)have a distinct nucleus.

Question 48

Mitochondria anchloroplasts arthought to bendosymbionts because

A)they both carry pieces of genetic information and are structurally similar to bacteria.
B)they are both able to thrive independently if taken out of their host.
C)they both contain machineries for moving around and to escape adverse conditions.
D)they both contain plasmids that provide them the capacity to breakdown some carbon-based compounds.
E)of all of these.

Question 49

Bacillus infernus is a bacterial species that may bfounliving

A)at 75°C (167°F) on rocks 3 kilometers beneath earth's surface.
B)in our vegetables.
C)in glaciers.
D)at 37°C in our body.
E)in all of these locations.

Question 50

During thArchaea era, divergencof prokaryotes leto all but which of thfollowing?

A)archaebacteria
B)eukaryotes
C)multicelled organisms
D)eubacteria
E)additional prokaryotes

Question 51

Bacteria

A)are diploid organisms.
B)produce gametes.
C)have a life cycle that varies between unicellular stage and multicellular stage.
D)have a single and circular chromosome.
E)are eukaryotic cells.

Question 52

Bacteria can obtain their fooby

A)photosynthesis.
B)breaking down chemical compounds.
C)being heterotrophs.
D)photosynthesis and breaking down chemical compounds.
E)all of these means.

Question 53

Prokaryotic cells arlikely to bfound

A)in and on our bodies, in our food and water.
B)in glacial ice that never thaws.
C)in acidic springs.
D)in hydrothermal vents.
E)in all of these.

Question 54

Which of thfollowing statements is NOT characteristic of bacteria?

A)Some have no plasma membrane.
B)Some have hair-like structures called pili.
C)Some have rigid cell walls.
D)Some have flagella.
E)Some have a capsule.

Question 55

Thearly atmosphere

A)was essentially the same as occurs now.
B)was changed drastically by the liberation of oxygen following the evolution of photosynthesis.
C)was characterized by high concentrations of oxygen and ozone.
D)was characterized by high concentrations of inert gases before the evolution of living organisms.
E)was so dense that life could not evolve.

Question 56

In a eukaryotic cell, __________ arresponsiblfor transformation of solar energy to chemical energy.

A)chloroplasts
B)central vacuoles
C)plasmodesmata
D)stomata
E)Golgi bodies

Question 57

Prokaryotes may NOT be

A)photoheterotrophs.
B)chemoheterotrophs.
C)chemophotoautrophs.
D)chemoautotrophs.
E)photoautotrophs.

Question 58

Which of thfollowing organelles arendosymbionts of eukaryotic cells?

A)Golgi body
B)nucleus
C)lysosome
D)peroxisome
E)mitochondria

Question 59

In a eukaryotic cell, __________ arresponsiblfor production of ATP necessary for cellular work.

A)Golgi bodies
B)endoplasmic reticula
C)lysosomes
D)mitochondria
E)peroxisomes

Question 60

Tholdest eukaryotidentifiein fossil records is thought to havappeareabout __________ years ago.

A)1.8
B)2.2
C)2.7
D)3.6
E)1.5

Question 61

Which of thfollowing is NOT truof protists?

A)They may reproduce sexually.
B)They may reproduce asexually.
C)Their genetic material is gathered in a region of the cell called the nucleoid.
D)Most protists are unicellular organisms, but some are multicelled species.
E)Some protists are photoautotrophs.

Question 62

Escherichia coli Xl1-BluanEscherichia coli O157:H7 arexamples of bacterial

A)divisions.
B)strains.
C)families.
D)species.
E)phyla.

Question 63

ThbacteriuE.coli

A)is a normal inhabitant of the mammalian gut.
B)has some mutant strains that produce toxins and cause disease.
C)is grown in laboratories around the world.
D)produces vitamin K.
E)has all of these characteristics.

Question 64

Methane-producing bacteria belong to

A)Archaea.
B)Prokaryota.
C)Eukaryota.
D)Urkaryota.
E)Bacteria.

Question 65

Which of thfollowing diseases arsexually transmittebacterial diseases?

A)chlamydia and Lyme disease
B)gonorrhea and syphilis
C)chlamydia and syphilis
D)chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhea
E)chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea, and cholera

Question 66

Thprocess by which onbacterial cell transfers DNA to another is

A)fission.
B)gametic fusion.
C)conjugation.
D)lysis.
E)none of these.

Question 67

A strain is

A)a subdivision within a family that has a characteristic trait or traits.
B)a subgroup within a species that has a characteristic trait or traits.
C)a group within a branch that has a characteristic trait or traits.
D)a group within a phylum that has a characteristic trait or traits.
E)a subgroup within a domain that has a characteristic trait or traits.

Question 68

A protist cell may contain

A)a nucleus.
B)a cytoskeleton.
C)more than one chromosome.
D)Golgi bodies.
E)all of these.

Question 69

A bacteriumay acquirsomforeign genetic information

A)by taking up DNA from its environment.
B)by conjugation.
C)via viruses.
D)by conjugation and by taking up DNA from its environment.
E)by conjugation, by taking up DNA from its environment, and via viruses.

Question 70

Which of thfollowing statements is (are) correct about prokaryotic reproduction?

A)Prokaryotic cells may reproduce asexually.
B)Prokaryotic cells may divide by fission.
C)Prokaryotic cells may reproduce by budding.
D)Prokaryotic cells may reproduce sexually.
E)All of these except "prokaryotic cells may reproduce sexually," are correct.

Question 71

Which of thfollowing does NOT belong to thprotists?

A)bacteria
B)protozoans
C)radiolarians
D)dinoflagellates
E)euglenoids

Question 72

If a bacterial population develops froonsinglindividual cell,

A)each cell is likely to be one hundred percent identical to the rest of the population.
B)the entire population is likely to contain the same genetic information without variations.
C)each cell would be identical to the parent cell.
D)a genetic defect carried by the parent cell is going to be passed to daughter cells without any possibility of change.
E)all of these apply.

Question 73

By obtaining somgenetic information froother organisms, bacteria may

A)become a photochemoautotroph organism.
B)become a virus.
C)acquire the capacity to reproduce sexually.
D)develop resistance to chemicals that are used in health care facilities and in farms.
E)do all of these.

Question 74

Which of thfollowing allow thbacteria to join together to transfer genes?

A)flagella
B)spores
C)fimbriae
D)pili
E)cilia

Question 75

Which bacteriuis most likely to bfounin wetlanmud?

A)thermophilic bacterium
B)halophilic bacterium
C)cyanobacterium
D)E.coli
E)methanogen

Question 76

Flagella allow bacteria to movarounby

A)adopting a wipe-like motion.
B)vibrating.
C)rotating like wheels.
D)moving forth and back.
E)all of these means.

Question 77

Which of thfollowing bacteria arlikely to bfouninsidthroots of legumes?

A)thermophilic bacteria
B)cyanobacteria
C)nitrogen-fixing bacteria
D)methane-producing bacteria
E)E.coli

Question 78

Diarrhea may bcauseby

A)an absence of normal flora from our intestine.
B)ingestion of antibiotics.
C)pulmonary tuberculosis.
D)kidney failure.
E)ingestion of antibiotics and an absence of normal flora from our intestine.

Question 79

__________ must havbeen thfirst eukaryotic cells.

A)Archaea
B)Bacteria
C)Protists
D)Fungi
E)Microplants

Question 80

Which of thfollowing do anaerobic methanogens produce?

A)carbon monoxide
B)carbon dioxide
C)ammonia sulfide
D)methane
E)hydrogen sulfide