Deck 6: Dna Structure and Function

Question 1

A eukaryotic chromosomconsists of

A)NAD and proteins.
B)RNA and histones.
C)DNA and histones.
D)nucleic acid and proteins.
E)FAD and histones.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What was thstrategy appliein cloning thfirst animal in a laboratory?

A)A two-week-old embryo was implanted in a surrogate sheep mother.
B)Two adult sheep cells were fused and transplanted into a surrogate sheep mother.
C)A sheep egg was fertilized in vitro, and then the early embryo was transplanted in a surrogate sheep mother.
D)An adult stem cell of a sheep was grown in vitro and transplanted to a surrogate sheep mother.
E)The nucleus of an unfertilized sheep egg was removed and replaced with the nucleus of a cell taken from the udder of a different sheep.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

If stretcheento end, th46 chromosomes in a human cell woulbabout __________ meters long.

A)0.01
B)0.1
C)1
D)2
E)4

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of thfollowing essential molecules is systematically passeto offspring during thprocess of reproduction?

A)glucose
B)deoxyribonucleic acid
C)ribonucleic acid
D)lipids
E)amino acid

Question 5

Which of thfollowing arreasons set by biologists to keep improving research on animal cloning?

A)production of organs for people with incurable diseases
B)productions of replacement tissues
C)possibility of saving endangered animals
D)all of these reasons
E)none of these reasons

Question 6

What was thfirst cloneanimal?

A)a cat
B)a sheep
C)a dog
D)a pig
E)a cow

Question 7

What is thnumber of chromosomes founin an oak tree?

A)2
B)4
C)8
D)12
E)24

Question 8

What was thnamof thfirst successfully cloneanimal?

A)Colly
B)Dolly
C)Bolly
D)Rolly
E)Molly

Question 9

Cloning animals froadult cells has been challenging because

A)we are still limited technically.
B)adult cells express only a fraction of their genetic information.
C)it is nearly impossible today to reprogram an adult cell to work like an embryonic cell.
D)of all of these reasons.
E)none of these reasons.

Question 10

Most embryos that do form

A)die shortly after birth.
B)die before birth.
C)have great health after birth.
D)die before or shortly after birth.
E)are used to produce organs such as heart and lungs.

Question 11

Which of thfollowing animals has NEVER been cloned?

A)a pig
B)a rabbit
C)a wolf
D)a dog
E)all of these have been cloned

Question 12

All human body cells contain 23 pairs of __________.

A)lipopolysaccharides.
B)deoxyribonucleic acids.
C)chromosomes.
D)ribonucleic acids.
E)amino acids.

Question 13

On average, how many attempts does it takto produconembryo?

A)about 10
B)about 50
C)hundreds
D)thousands
E)millions

Question 14

Which of thfollowing researchers clonean adult animal for thfirst time?

A)Ian Wilmut
B)Louis Pasteur
C)James Watson
D)Francis Crick
E)Robert Koch

Question 15

Befora cell divides it needs to __________ its genetic information.

A)duplicate
B)translate
C)isolate
D)protect
E)distribute

Question 16

Which of thfollowing statements is INCORRECT about eukaryotic chromosomes?

A)The number of chromosomes varies from one species to another.
B)In any human body cell, all chromosomes have the same shape and length.
C)A chromosome consists of DNA associated with histone proteins.
D)Human body cells have two copies of each type of chromosome.
E)After the process of duplication, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.

Question 17

Which of thfollowing statements is (are) truabout thfirst cloneanimal?

A)The first cloned animal was a sheep.
B)At five years old, it was as arthritic as a twenty-year-old sheep.
C)At six years old it contracted a lung disease that affects only old sheep.
D)Its telomeres shortened faster than usual.
E)All of these are true.

Question 18

Thconnection point of two sister chromatids is callethe

A)nucleolus.
B)central point.
C)centriole.
D)centrosome.
E)centromere.

Question 19

A nucleosomis

A)a beadlike structure made up of a length of polyacryl and histone-like proteins.
B)a beadlike structure made up of a length of polysaccharides and histone-like proteins.
C)a beadlike structure made up of a length of DNA and histone proteins.
D)a beadlike structure made up of a length of RNA and histone proteins.
E)a beadlike structure made up of a length of nucleotides and histone proteins.

Question 20

After replication, each chromosomharbors

A)two sister chromatids.
B)two sister chromatins.
C)two sister chromosomes.
D)two sister DNA.
E)two sister RNA.

Question 21

Body cells of human females contain

A)one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
B)two X chromosomes.
C)two Y chromosomes.
D)two O chromosomes.
E)chromosomes X, Y, and O.

Question 22

Which of thfollowing femalorganisms do NOT contain XX chromosomes?

A)humans
B)fruit flies
C)gorillas
D)birds
E)rats

Question 23

Thimagof an individual's complement of chromosomes arrangeby size, length, shape, ancentromerlocation is called

A)autotype.
B)genotype.
C)phenotype.
D)karyotype.
E)chromotype.

Question 24

A nucleotidis madup of

A)a pentose sugar, three phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous acid.
B)a pentose sugar, three phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base.
C)three pentose sugars, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous acid.
D)three pentose sugars, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
E)a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and three nitrogenous acids.

Question 25

Which of thfollowing malorganisms contain two identical sex chromosomes?

A)snakes
B)butterflies
C)fruit flies
D)frogs
E)alligators

Question 26

How many types of nucleotides arfounin DNA molecules?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)6

Question 27

Body cells of human males contain

A)one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
B)two X chromosomes.
C)two Y chromosomes.
D)two O chromosomes.
E)chromosomes X, Y, and O.

Question 28

Which of thfollowing terms is NOT relateto thother four?

A)amino acids
B)nucleotides
C)pentose sugars
D)phosphate groups
E)nitrogenous bases

Question 29

A diploiorganism

A)contains several copies of the same chromosomes.
B)contains one of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species.
C)contains chromosomes that have the same size.
D)contains chromosomes that have the same shape.
E)contains two of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species.

Question 30

Which scientist(s) discoverethbasis for thbase-pair rule, which statethat thamounts of adeninin all DNA arthsame, as arthamounts of cytosinanguanine?

A)Avery
B)Griffith
C)Chargaff
D)Hershey and Chase
E)Pauling

Question 31

Which of thfollowing nitrogenous bases is NOT founin molecules of DNA?

A)adenine
B)guanine
C)uracil
D)thymine
E)cytosine

Question 32

Which of thfollowing sugar molecules is involvein thstructurof DNA?

A)ribose
B)ribulose
C)deoxyribulose
D)deoxyribose
E)xylose

Question 33

Which of thfollowing nitrogenous bases is (are) in molecules of DNA?

A)adenine
B)guanine
C)cytosine
D)thymine
E)all of these

Question 34

Which of thfollowing statements is correct about autosomes?

A)Autosomes are chromosomes that are found in both males and females.
B)In a human cell, all chromosomes are autosomes, except chromosomes "X" and "Y."
C)In a diploid organism, the two autosomes of a pair have the same length.
D)A characteristic carried by autosomes would be passed to offspring males and females.
E)All of these statements are correct.

Question 35

Which chromosomes arcarrieby a normal femalbird?

A)ZO
B)ZW
C)WW
D)WO
E)ZWW

Question 36

In thnucleotidsequencACTGG, what does A stands for?

A)Adam
B)adrenaline
C)adenine
D)arginine
E)albumin

Question 37

Which chromosomes arcarrieby a normal malbird?

A)ZO
B)ZW
C)WW
D)WO
E)ZWW

Question 38

Thbuilding blocks of nucleic acids are

A)amino acids.
B)nucleotides.
C)pentose sugars.
D)phosphate groups.
E)nitrogenous bases.

Question 39

In somspecies, thsex of thfuturindividual is decideby environmental conditions annot by sex chromosomes.In which of thfollowing species is sex decideby temperature?

A)butterfly
B)fruit fly
C)turtle
D)bird
E)mouse

Question 40

Which of thfollowing malorganisms do NOT contain XY chromosomes?

A)dogs
B)fruit flies
C)gorillas
D)rats
E)butterflies

Question 41

In DNA, complementary baspairing occurs between

A)cytosine and uracil.
B)adenine and guanine.
C)adenine and uracil.
D)adenine and thymine.
E)all of these.

Question 42

DNA varies frospecies to species in its

A)base-pair bonding only.
B)relative amounts of nucleotide bases only.
C)sequence of base pairs only.
D)base-pair bonding and sequence of base pairs.
E)relative amounts of nucleotide bases and sequences of base pairs.

Question 43

In thbonding of nitrogenous bases,

A)adenine is paired with cytosine.
B)adenine is paired with guanine.
C)cytosine is paired with thymine.
D)guanine is paired with guanine.
E)none of these are correct.

Question 44

DNA replication

A)produces RNA molecules.
B)produces only new DNA.
C)produces two molecules, each of which is half-new and half-old DNA joined lengthwise to each other.
D)generates excessive DNA, which eventually causes the nucleus to divide.
E)is too complex to characterize.

Question 45

RosalinFranklin's research contribution was essential in

A)establishing the single-stranded nature of DNA.
B)establishing the principle of base pairing.
C)establishing most of the principal structural features of DNA.
D)sequencing DNA molecules.
E)determining the bonding energy of DNA molecules.

Question 46

ThDNA moleculcoulbcompareto a

A)hair pin.
B)ladder.
C)key.
D)globular mass.
E)flat plate.

Question 47

Which scientist(s) suggestefor thfirst timthat thproportion of adeninanguanindiffers froonspecies to another?

A)Watso
B)Griffith
C)Hershey and Chase
D)Chargaff
E)Crick

Question 48

Thprocess by which a cell copies its DNA beforit divides is called

A)DNA replication.
B)DNA transcription.
C)DNA transformation.
D)DNA multiplication.
E)DNA translation.

Question 49

Each DNA stranhas a backbonthat consists of alternating

A)purines and pyrimidines.
B)nitrogen-containing bases.
C)hydrogen bonds.
D)sugar and phosphate molecules.
E)amines and purines.

Question 50

In a given stranof DNA, nucleotides arconnectetogether through

A)ionic bonds.
B)covalent bonds.
C)hydrogen bonds.
D)peptide bonds.
E)all of these.

Question 51

Which of thfollowing statements is CORRECT about mutation?

A)A mutation is a change in the structure of DNA.
B)Mutations occurring during the replication process are always lethal.
C)Mutations occurring during the replication process are always silent.
D)Mutations occurring during the replication process always affect the tertiary structure of enzymes.
E)A mutation is a permanent change in the sequence of DNA.

Question 52

RosalinFranklin usewhich techniques to determinmany of thphysical characteristics of DNA?

A)transformation
B)transmission electron microscopy
C)density-gradient centrifugation
D)X-ray crystallography
E)all of these

Question 53

FroX-ray diffraction data, which of thfollowing was determineabout DNA?

A)The molecules had two chains.
B)Phosphate groups formed the backbone of the helix.
C)Nitrogenous bases were arranged on the inside of the double helix structure.
D)The shape of the molecule could be a double helix.
E)All of these were determined.

Question 54

In DNA molecules,

A)the nucleotides are arranged in a linear, unbranched pattern.
B)the nitrogenous bases are found on the outside of the molecule.
C)the sugar-phosphate pattern runs the same way on each DNA strand.
D)all of these are true.
E)none of these are true.

Question 55

Which of thfollowing statements is true?

A)The hydrogen bonding of guanine to cytosine is an example of complementary base pairing.
B)Adenine always pairs up with guanine in DNA, and cytosine always teams up with thymine.
C)Each of the four nucleotides in a DNA molecule has the same nitrogen-containing base.
D)When adenine base pairs with thymine, they are linked with three hydrogen bonds.
E)In the DNA of all species, the amount of A+C never equals the amount of T+G.

Question 56

Who among thfollowing scientists was NOT involvein resolving thstructurof DNA?

A)Avery
B)Watson
C)Wilkins
D)Franklin
E)Chargaff

Question 57

DNA replication is a __________ process.

A)nondisruptive
B)semiconservative
C)progressive
D)natural
E)lytic

Question 58

In comparison between a spiral staircasana DNA molecule, thstep woulcorresponto

A)sugars.
B)nucleotides.
C)base pairs.
D)hydrogen bonds.
E)phosphates.

Question 59

Thtwo strands of DNA arstabilizethrough

A)ionic bonds.
B)covalent bonds.
C)hydrogen bonds.
D)peptide bonds.
E)all of these.

Question 60

In thbonding of two nucleotides,

A)hydrogen bonds are used.
B)adenine and thymine bind together.
C)guanine and cytosine bind together.
D)double-ring nitrogenous bases connect to single-ring bases.
E)all of these occur.

Question 61

In step "c," which bonis thonly onthat is possible?

A)A with C
B)G with C
C)C with T
D)T with G
E)A with G

Question 62

Four of thfivanswers listebelow arnitrogenous bases founin DNA.Select thEXCEPTION.

A)G
B)A
C)U
D)T
E)C

Question 63

Four of thfivanswers listebelow arrelateto thstructurof DNA anor its composition.Select thEXCEPTION.

A)aldehyde
B)double helix
C)hydrogen bonds
D)cytosine
E)deoxyribose

Question 64

Threplication illustrateheris termed

A)dominant.
B)recessive
C)semiconservative.
D)conservative.
E)hemiconservative.

Question 65

In step "b," thtwo strands havseparatebecause

A)the sugar-phosphate linkages broke.
B)the hydrogen bonds between bases were broken.
C)the polymerases stopped functioning.
D)the bases repelled each other.
E)water changed the bases into their subunits.

Question 66

Four of thfivanswers listebelow arrelateto genetic information.Select thEXCEPTION.

A)sister chromatids
B)centromere
C)chromosome
D)glycolysis
E)replication

Question 67

Four of thfivanswers listebelow arrelateto DNA replication.Select thEXCEPTION.

A)nucleotides
B)DNA polymerase
C)semiconservative
D)DNA ligase
E)transpeptidase

Question 68

Four of thfivanswers listebelow arbases useto construct nucleic acids.Select thEXCEPTION.

A)adenine
B)cytosine
C)thymine
D)guanine
E)phenylalanine

Question 69

Therapeutic cloning is being developein order to

A)treat some congenital diseases.
B)treat organ failures.
C)produce replacement tissues.
D)treat some congenital diseases and organ failures.
E)do all of these.

Question 70

Four of thfivanswers listebelow arpeoplwho helpedevelop thdoublhelix explanation of DNA.Select thEXCEPTION.

A)Wilkins
B)Griffith
C)Watson
D)Franklin
E)Crick

Question 71

In animal cells, __________ is (are) usually a one-way path.

A)replication
B)translation
C)transcription
D)differentiation
E)replication and translation

Question 72

Dolly was produceusing

A)somatic cell nuclear transfer.
B)somatic cell nuclear fusion.
C)sex cell nuclear transfer.
D)sex cell nuclear fusion.
E)adult sheep cells.

Question 73

Thstep "a" represents

A)the two parental DNA strands.
B)the two F1 generation DNA strands.
C)the two F2 generation DNA strands.
D)the DNA molecule to be transcribed.
E)the DNA molecule to be translated.

Question 74

Reproductivcloning

A)is the laboratory process by which genetically identical individuals are produced.
B)is the laboratory process by which cells are grown to become organs.
C)is the laboratory process by which cells are grown to become tissues.
D)is true of all of these.
E)is true of none of these.

Question 75

Cloning refers to

A)producing artificial twins.
B)producing many DNA copies in the laboratory.
C)nuclear transfer.
D)producing identical copies of cats and sheep.
E)all of these.

Question 76

When step "d" is completed, thtwo DNA molecules producewill be

A)identical to the parent DNA but not to each other.
B)identical to each other but not to the parent DNA.
C)different from each other and the parent DNA.
D)identical to each other and to the parent DNA.
E)identical to each other and almost the same as the parent DNA.

Question 77

Which of thfollowing is true?

A)Production of genetically identical plants was created by biologists in laboratories.
B)Production of genetically identical animals was created by biologists in laboratories.
C)Genetically identical organisms occur all the time in nature.
D)All of these are true.
E)None of these are true.

Question 78

Nuclear transplant

A)is a process by which a defective nucleus is replaced with a healthy one.
B)is a process by which a nucleolus is removed and replaced with another nucleolus from any other healthy cell.
C)is a process by which the nucleus of an unfertilized egg is removed and replaced with the nucleus of an adult animal cell.
D)is a process by which adult cells are converted into embryonic stem cells.
E)is all of these.

Question 79

In thtechniquof artificial twinning,

A)two zygotes are used.
B)two parts of a tiny ball of cells splits.
C)zygotes produced by in vitro fertilization are placed into a surrogate to begin division.
D)no sperm is needed.
E)all of these are true.

Question 80

In step "b," thtwo strands havseparatebecause

A)the polar covalent bonds between bases were broken.
B)the nonpolar covalent bonds between bases were broken.
C)the ionic bonds between bases were broken.
D)the hydrogen bonds between bases were broken.
E)the peptide bonds between bases were broken.