Deck 9: Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism: Glycolysis and Fermentation

Question 1

Which of the following is true of NAD+?

A)It releases an adenosine to become NADH.
B)It represents the reduced form of niacin.
C)It serves as an electron source for biological oxidation.
D)It is derived from vitamin E.
E)It is a coenzyme.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of the following statements best describes the role of NAD+/NADH in glycolysis?

A)NADH is used primarily in substrate- level phosphorylation.
B)NAD+ is used to carry electrons.
C)NADH is capable of pumping ions during glycolysis.
D)NADH is used to produce energy by directly creating the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP.
E)all of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which term best describes the nitrogenous base adenine plus the sugar ribose?

A)adenine
B)adenosine triphosphate
C)adenosine diphosphate
D)adenosine
E)C followed by A or B

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The gross output of ATP from glycolysis is , whereas the net output of ATP is .

A)2; 1
B)4; 2
C)2; 4
D)4; 1
E)6; 4

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT an allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme in the glycolytic pathway?

A)fructose- 2,6- bisphosphate
B)acetyl CoA
C)citrate
D)ATP
E)glucose- 6- phosphate

Question 6

Oxygen is toxic to

A)aerotolerant organisms.
B)strict aerobes.
C)strict anaerobes.
D)facultative anaerobes.
E)all of the above

Question 7

During the first phase of glycolysis, ATP is used to form what type of bond with glucose?

A)substrate- level phosphorylation
B)hydrogenation
C)phosphoanhydride
D)phosphoester
E)dehydrogenation

Question 8

The cycle in which lactate is removed from muscle tissue and returned to the liver to produce glucose is called

A)gluconeogenesis.
B)the pyruvate recovery cycle.
C)the Calvin cycle.
D)fermentation.
E)glycolysis.

Question 9

Both the phosphorylation of intermediates and the formation of ATP in glycolysis are examples of

A)product- level phosphorylation.
B)substrate- level phosphorylation.
C)anabolic phosphorylation.
D)aerobic phosphorylation.
E)oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 10

Which glycolytic enzyme uses ATP as a substrate?

A)aldolase
B)triose phosphate isomerase
C)alcohol dehydrogenase
D)hexokinase
E)phosphoglucoisomerase

Question 11

An energy- liberating pathway is also known as

A)metabolic.
B)anabolic.
C)hydrogenation.
D)catabolic.
E)all of the above

Question 12

Within animal cells, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis must not occur at the same time. Therefore, regulation is important. Which of the following molecules is LEAST important in the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

A)fructose- 2,6- bisphosphate
B)acetyl CoA
C)NADH
D)ATP/ADP
E)phosphofructokinase- 2

Question 13

Glycolytic enzymes have been found to have roles in all of the following EXCEPT

A)GTP hydrolysis.
B)cell migration.
C)transcriptional repression.
D)transcriptional activator.
E)apoptosis inhibition.

Question 14

The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate by a cell is an example of a(n)reaction.

A)synthesis
B)anabolic
C)aerobic
D)catabolic
E)amphibolic

Question 15

Glucose is transported in the bloodstream to cells in all parts of your body. In body cells, glucose has four main fates. Which of the following is NOT one of those fates?

A)Glucose is transformed into sucrose.
B)Glucose is converted to lactate.
C)Glucose is used to synthesize glycogen.
D)Glucose is converted to acetyl CoA to make body fat.
E)Glucose is catabolized to carbon dioxide and water.

Question 16

According to your text, glycolysis is divided into three phases. In which phase of glycolysis is ATP NOT generated?

A)2
B)1
C)1, 2, and 3
D)1 and 2
E)3

Question 17

Pyruvate is the end- product of glycolysis. Many organisms, such as anaerobic bacteria, can only produce energy by glycolysis; therefore, pyruvate has no more potential for ATP generation for these organisms. Rather than simply excrete pyruvate, this molecule is changed to another molecule such as lactate. In these organisms, why is pyruvate changed to lactate and excreted, rather than simply excreted?

A)Pyruvate export requires more energy than lactate.
B)Electrons (and protons)are added to pyruvate to make lactate.
C)NAD+ is regenerated as pyruvate is changed to lactate.
D)Substrate level phosphorylation changes pyruvate to lactate.
E)both B and C

Question 18

How many enzymatic steps are involved in converting glucose to pyruvate?

A)12
B)3
C)6
D)10
E)8

Question 19

During strenuous exercise, you may notice that your muscles burn. Which of the following statements best explains this phenomenon?

A)Without oxygen, pyruvate is being converted to lactic acid.
B)ADP is accumulating, which produces a burning sensation.
C)Pyruvic acid causes muscle pain.
D)Proteins are being digested to provide energy.
E)Carbon dioxide is building up in muscle and changing the pH.

Question 20

The process of glucose synthesis is called

A)gluconeogenesis.
B)glucogenesis.
C)glycolysis.
D)aglycolysis.
E)both B and C

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a fermentation product?

A)propionate
B)ethanol
C)dihydroxyacetone
D)butyrate
E)lactate

Question 22

Which of the following best describes the special "high- energy" bond of ATP?

A)phosphoanhydride
B)phosphoester
C)hydrogenation
D)hydrogen
E)ionic

Question 23

Oxidation in biological systems is usually accompanied by

A)repulsion.
B)hydrogenation.
C)resonance stabilization.
D)dehydrogenation.
E)all of the above

Question 24

The is the link between glycolysis in muscle cells and gluconeogenesis.

Question 25

Glycolytic enzymes also function in which of the following processes?

A)cell division
B)glycolysis
C)growth factors
D)apoptosis
E)all of the above

Question 26

A phosphoanhydride bond

A)is a high- energy bond.
B)is broken by hydrolysis.
C)has a standard free energy of hydrolysis of - 7.3 kcal/mol.
D)both A and B
E)choices A, B, and C

Question 27

At which enzymatic step of glycolysis is water a product?

A)6
B)10
C)5
D)9
E)3

Question 28

The three reasons that phosphoanhydride bonds are so exergonic are: , _ _, and .

Question 29

In the first step of glycolysis, glucose can be phosphorylated because

A)a phosphoanhydride bond has higher energy of hydrolysis than a phosphoester bond.
B)the transfer of a phosphate from ATP to glucose is exergonic.
C)both the number 2 and 3 carbons can be spontaneously phosphorylated.
D)the ketosugar is rapidly phosphorylated at the carbon 1 hydroxyl group.
E)both A and B

Question 30

Reduction is defined as the addition of . In biological systems, these are usually accompanied by protons in a process called .

Question 31

In glycolysis, which of the following molecules is oxidized to form 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate?

A)glucose- 6- phosphate
B)glucose
C)2- phosphoglycerate
D)glyceraldehyde- 3- phosphate
E)3- phosphoglycerate

Question 32

The enzyme used to break down fructose- 1,6- bisphosphate into two trioses is called

A)aldolase.
B)triose phosphate isomerase.
C)hexokinase.
D)enolase.
E)phosphoglucoisomerase.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a product of fermentation?

A)sucrose
B)ethanol
C)NAD+
D)lactate
E)CO₂

Question 34

The negatively charged phosphates of ATP influence one another by

A)relative hydration.
B)charge repulsion.
C)resonance hybridization.
D)dehydrogenation.
E)all of the above