Question 1

Polling and market research firms are examples of&#10;A)Think tanks&#10;B)Contract research organizations&#10;C)Advocacy organizations&#10;D)Government research institutes

Accepted Answer

Polling and market research firms are examples of Contract Research Organizations (CROs) because they are specialized companies that provide research services to other businesses, government agencies, and various organizations on a contract basis. They are not think tanks, advocacy organizations, or government research institutes, as those entities have different primary functions and goals.

Question 2

Research often fails to influence policy because of:&#10;A)Efforts by interest groups&#10;B)Cultural and moral values&#10;C)Distrust of researchers&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Research can fail to influence policy for a variety of reasons, including efforts by interest groups to sway policy in their favor, cultural and moral values that may reject certain research findings, and distrust of researchers or the research process itself. These factors can collectively or individually act as barriers to the integration of research findings into policy-making.

Question 3

Which organization would be more likely to conduct basic rather than applied research?&#10;A)A university&#10;B)A government agency&#10;C)A think tank&#10;D)A contract research organization

Accepted Answer

Universities are more likely to conduct basic research, which is aimed at advancing knowledge without a specific application in mind, compared to the other options which are more likely to focus on applied research aimed at solving specific problems.

Question 4

Which of these is an example of a think tank?&#10;A)The Census Bureau&#10;B)The Brookings Institution&#10;C)Gallup&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

The Brookings Institution is an example of a think tank, which is an organization that conducts research and engages in advocacy in areas such as social policy, political strategy, economy, and military. The Census Bureau and Gallup, while they conduct research, are not considered think tanks; the former is a government agency and the latter is a private polling and research firm.

Question 5

The federal government is interested in better understanding traffic patterns as part of transportation policy .To study this topic, it issues a(n) ______ to researchers who will apply for funding to conduct research on the project, based upon the questions that the government wants answereD.

A)Informed consent form
B)Request for proposals
C)White paper
D)Request for donations

Accepted Answer

A Request for Proposals (RFP) is issued by the government to solicit proposals from interested researchers or organizations to conduct research on specific topics, such as traffic patterns, based on predefined questions or objectives.

Question 6

Professor Smith is interested in knowing whether applying the same methodology and design used from another researcher's study will produce the same results for her study .This is an example of a _______study.

A)Replication
B)Useless
C)Meta-analysis
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Replication studies involve repeating a study using the same methodology to see if the original results can be produced, which is what Professor Smith is interested in doing.

Question 7

Which of these studies would most likely qualify for exempt review from an Institutional Review Board?&#10;A)An experimental study testing the effects of a lower dose of a medicine that has been found to be safe in previous research&#10;B)An ethnographic study of former prison inmates living in a halfway house&#10;C)A study involving observation of public behavior in train cars&#10;D)A study using secondary education data that includes students' identifying information

Accepted Answer

Studies involving observation of public behavior where there is no expectation of privacy and no interaction with the subjects typically qualify for exempt review by an Institutional Review Board (IRB). This is because they present minimal risk to participants and do not involve sensitive or private information.

Question 8

Which of these is NOT a principle of ethical conduct in research in the Nuremberg Code?&#10;A)Free access to life-saving research&#10;B)Voluntary participation&#10;C)No harm to subjects&#10;D)Potential benefits must outweigh risks to participants

Accepted Answer

The Nuremberg Code emphasizes voluntary participation, minimizing harm to subjects, and ensuring that the benefits of research outweigh the risks. It does not specifically address free access to life-saving research as a principle of ethical conduct.

Question 9

In determining whether he wants to conduct a project, Professor Morales evaluates ___________ that include the amount of time and resources he will need to devote to the project.&#10;A)Opportunity costs&#10;B)Incremental costs&#10;C)Relative factors&#10;D)Expectation factors

Accepted Answer

Opportunity costs refer to the benefits a person misses out on when choosing one alternative over another. In this context, Professor Morales is considering what he will have to give up (time and resources) to devote to the project, which aligns with the concept of opportunity costs.

Deck 16: The Politics, Production, and Ethics of Research