Deck 12: Plate Tectonics: the Framework for Modern Geology

Question 1

In which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms?

A) ionic
B) subatomic
C) isotopic
D) covalent

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Hornblende and the other amphiboles have what type of silicate structure?

A) double chains
B) metallic
C) 3- D framework
D) sheet

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Ruby and sapphire are red and blue forms of the mineral .

A) corundum
B) emerald
C) turquoise
D) diamond

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Emeralds and aquamarines are gem quality single crystals of the more ordinary mineral .

A) epidote
B) olivine
C) augite
D) beryl

Question 5

Which one of the following describes a mineral's response to mechanical impact?

A) streak
B) cleavage
C) crystal form
D) lustre

Question 6

Which mineral is used to make drilling muds denser to prevent blowouts?

A) halite
B) barite
C) galena
D) pyrite

Question 7

Ferromagnesian minerals generally exhibit which of the following properties?

A) dark colour, specific gravity higher than quartz
B) a light colour, metallic lustre
C) nonmetallic lustre, light colour
D) one perfect cleavage, colourless

Question 8

Cleavage is determined by and well formed planes of weakness in a stressed mineral structure

A) the twinning, separation of
B) the hardness, thickness of
C) the number, angles between
D) the iridescence, shape of

Question 9

Which of the following denotes the tiny, but very massive, central part of an atom?

A) nucleus
B) inner shell
C) core mass
D) valence shell

Question 10

The electrons in the outermost shell of an element are referred to as .

A) non- bonding electrons
B) aberrant electrons
C) positrons
D) valence electrons

Question 11

Which element is the first and lightest element in the periodic chart?

A) hydrogen
B) oxygen
C) helium
D) sodium

Question 12

What are the lightest or least massive of the basic atomic particles?

A) electrons
B) neutrons
C) uranium nuclei
D) protons

Question 13

Which of the following silicate minerals have 3- dimensional framework structures?

A) quartz and halite
B) micas and gypsum
C) hornblende and olivine
D) feldspars and quartz

Question 14

What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight?

A) sodium
B) chlorine
C) oxygen
D) carbon

Question 15

What is the name of dark- coloured mica?

A) biotite
B) olivine
C) calcite
D) quartz

Question 16

Which of the following rock types are not comprised mostly of minerals.

A) sandstone and conglomerate
B) limestone and rock salt
C) coal, obsidian, and pumice
D) granite and basalt

Question 17

Which element forms the strongest bonds with oxygen, based on its size and charge?

A) aluminum
B) calcium
C) potassium
D) silicon

Question 18

is the external expression of orderly internal arrangement of atoms in a mineral crystal.

A) Colour
B) Streak
C) Lustre
D) Habit

Question 19

Which of the following describes the light reflecting characteristics of a mineral?

A) streak
B) fluorescence
C) lustre
D) virtual absorption

Question 20

Small, parallel grooves (twinning striations) are visible on cleavage surfaces and characteristic of which mineral?

A) plagioclase feldspar
B) quartz
C) olivine
D) hornblende

Question 21

Which of the following minerals is a silicate?

A) calcite
B) muscovite
C) halite
D) hematite

Question 22

The tendency for a mineral like quartz to break in a smoothly curved manner is termed .

A) elliptical breakage
B) anomalous cleavage
C) spherical cleavage
D) conchoidal fracture

Question 23

Minerals like diamond and graphite exist because of .

A) amorphous crystallization
B) the law of polymorphism
C) different physical and chemical conditions or environments within the earth
D) the metamorphism of coal

Question 24

Most minerals are microscopic crystals of sheet silicates that form by the chemical weathering of feldspars, pyroxenes, amphiboles and micas.

A) carbonate
B) salt
C) hydroxide
D) clay

Question 25

Which one of the following is a typical product of chemical weathering of other silicates?

A) ferromagnesians
B) feldspars
C) clays
D) micas

Question 26

A cubic centimetre of quartz, olivine, and gold weigh 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams respectively. This indicates that .

A) gold and olivine are silicates, quartz is elemental silicon
B) gold has a higher specific gravity than quartz and olivine
C) gold is six to seven times harder than olivine and quartz
D) olivine and quartz powders are harder than metallic gold

Question 27

Which common rock forming minerals exhibit a perfect single basal cleavage?

A) micas like muscovite and biotite
B) pyroxenes like augite
C) amphiboles like hornblende
D) feldspars like plagioclase and orthoclase

Question 28

Which minerals that make up the Mohs scale are softer than a glass plate but harder than your fingernail?

A) feldspar, quartz, topaz, corundum, diamond
B) calcite, fluorite, apatite
C) beryl, garnet, tourmaline
D) gypsum and talc

Question 29

Chrysotile, crocidolite, and amosite are different mineralogic forms of what industrial commodity?

A) gemstones
B) Portland cement
C) asbestos
D) metallic sulphide ores

Question 30

The two main types of bonding that form the structures in minerals are .

A) covalent and ionic
B) double and triple
C) magnetic and gravitational
D) radioactive and unstable

Question 31

is the ratio of a weight of mineral to a volume of water of equal weight.

A) Specific gravity
B) Absolute mass
C) Characteristic volume
D) Wet weight

Question 32

Which of the following is not a rock- forming silicate mineral?

A) calcite
B) garnet
C) orthoclase
D) quartz

Question 33

Which of the following will react readily with acids such as hydrochloric?

A) talc
B) diamond
C) calcite
D) quartz

Question 34

Generally ions end up with the stable, noble- gas, configuration having electrons in their outermost shell.

A) no
B) two
C) twelve
D) eight

Question 35

In a neutral atom such as helium or native copper, the number of protons in the nucleus .

A) is usually greater than the number of neutrons
B) increases from element to element by even multiples of 8
C) is equal to the number of electrons in the outer shells
D) is different for each isotope

Question 36

Which minerals that make up the Mohs scale are harder than a glass plate?

A) calcite, fluorite, apatite
B) beryl, garnet, tourmaline
C) gypsum and talc
D) feldspar, quartz, topaz, corundum, diamond

Question 37

Which group of silicates has the most sharing of corner oxygen atoms?

A) single chain like pyroxene
B) double chain like amphibole
C) framework like feldspar
D) sheet like mica

Question 38

These non- silicate minerals are found predominantly in sedimentary rocks.

A) feldspar, fluorite, and malachite
B) amphibole, clays, and quartz
C) calcite, gypsum, and halite
D) graphite, chromite, and ilmenite

Question 39

Amethyst, chalcedony, and citrine are gemstone varieties of this common mineral.

A) topaz
B) alexandrite
C) quartz
D) corundum

Question 40

Which mineral is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2)?

A) calcite
B) diamond
C) quartz
D) olivine

Question 41

What is the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction?

A) nucleon
B) ion
C) molecule
D) proton

Question 42

Which common group of rock forming minerals has simultaneous double substitution of Na+ for Ca+2 and Si+4 for Al+3 in its structure and chemical formula?

A) pyroxenes
B) micas
C) plagioclase feldspars
D) carbonates

Question 43

In ionic compounds, have lost one or more electrons to acquire positive charge and a smaller radius than their neutral atom, while have gained one or more electrons to acquire a negative charge and a larger radius than their neutral atom.

A) anions, cations
B) cations, anions
C) stable isotopes, unstable isotopes
D) daughter isotopes, parent isotopes

Question 44

Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet- like silicate structure?

A) clays
B) feldspars
C) pyroxenes
D) carbonates

Question 45

Which of the following denotes the massive, positively charged, nuclear particles?

A) electrons
B) protons
C) isotrons
D) neutrons

Question 46

Which of the following best characterizes ferromagnesian silicates?

A) They are high temperature black to dark- green minerals containing iron and magnesium.
B) They are mostly dark, heavy, and rich in the elements manganese and ferron.
C) They are dark and have a Mohs hardness greater than 7.
D) They contain iron and magnetite, are black in colour, and they have metallic lustres.

Question 47

What, basic, atomic particles occupy space in an atom outside of the nucleus?

A) neutrons
B) morons
C) protons
D) electrons

Question 48

Which of the following is not a fundamental particle found in atoms?

A) neutron
B) protons
C) selectron
D) electron

Question 49

A mineral's hardness is determined by the number and the strength of chemical bonds, but how is it actually determined?

A) by weighing it on a Mohs scale.
B) by whether or not it cleaves.
C) by looking at its streak.
D) by its resistance to scratching or abrasion by other materials of known hardness.

Question 50

Garnet, a common hard metamorphic mineral used for abrasives, has an internal crystal structure most similar to which other silicate mineral?

A) biotite
B) plagioclase feldspar
C) olivine
D) augite

Question 51

The quality of light reflected from a mineral surface is called .

A) polish
B) reflectance
C) translucency
D) lustre

Question 52

The term precious gemstone is reserved for stones of the following types: , that are prized for their: rarity, beauty, durability and size. Everything else is considered semi- precious.

A) alexandrite, cats- eye, jade, topaz, and zircon
B) diamonds, garnets, moonstones, onyx, and peridots
C) diamonds, emeralds, rubies, sapphires, and fire opals
D) agates, alaska black diamonds, carborundum, chrysoberyls, and spinels

Question 53

What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature?

A) muscovite
B) native gold
C) diamond
D) silicate

Question 54

All silicate minerals contain which two elements?

A) iron, silicon
B) oxygen, carbon
C) silicon, oxygen
D) silicon, sodium

Question 55

Which one of the following minerals has the greatest hardness on the Mohs hardness scale?

A) topaz
B) gypsum
C) calcite
D) feldspar

Question 56

Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature conditions?

A) talc
B) halite
C) diamond
D) olivine

Question 57

Jadarite is similar to the fictional mineral kryptonite but lacks in its chemical composition.

A) fluorine
B) boron
C) sodium
D) lithium

Question 58

Which of the following is a single- chain, ferromagnesian silicate mineral?

A) olivine
B) clay
C) pyroxene
D) mica

Question 59

The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as

A) crystal form
B) flat busted
C) cleavage
D) streak

Question 60

In feldspars, what element can be thought of as substituting for silicon in the tetrahedral ionic sites?

A) potassium
B) aluminum
C) sodium
D) carbon

Question 61

Real kryptonite is a(n) while jadarite is a(n) _ .

A) mineral, element
B) meteorite, moon
C) metal, rock
D) element, mineral

Question 62

Which common rock forming minerals exhibit cleavage planes at nearly 90°?

A) amphiboles like hornblende
B) feldspars like plagioclase and orthoclase
C) pyroxenes like augite
D) both B and C are correct

Question 63

Which of the following has the highest specific gravity?

A) quartz
B) water
C) gold
D) wood

Question 64

Which one of the following is a sodium and calcium feldspar with twinning striations?

A) sanidine
B) microcline
C) orthoclase
D) plagioclase

Question 65

While there are 90 naturally occurring elements, these combine in various proportions and structures to make nearly minerals.

A) 4,000
B) 400
C) 40,000
D) 400,000

Question 66

Minerals consist of an ordered array of atoms or ions that are .

A) always packed together in cubes or octahedra
B) physically attached to each other by shared protons
C) all the same size and charge
D) chemically bonded in a regular crystalline structure

Question 67

Aluminum ions have what charge in most rock- forming minerals?

A) 4-
B) 4+
C) 3+
D) 2+

Question 68

Which of the following denotes the purity of gold used in jewelry?

A) carlot
B) carette
C) carnot
D) karat

Question 69

An atom's mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus?

A) 6
B) 19
C) 13
D) 7

Question 70

The true colour of a mineral as seen in its powdered form is called it's .

A) iridescence
B) streak
C) chatoyancy
D) birefringence

Question 71

The main calcium sulphate mineral gypsum is used to .

A) spread directly on soils as a fertilizer
B) make plaster and wallboard
C) make cement
D) extract the metal Ca

Question 72

Which response describes the geometric attributes of a tetrahedron?

A) 8 plane faces, each an equilateral triangle, 12 edges, and 6 corners
B) 6 plane faces, each a square, 12 edges, and 8 corners
C) 4 plane faces, each an equilateral triangle, 6 edges, and 4 corners
D) 6 plane faces, each a rectangle, 4 edges, and 8 corners

Question 73

The property of is controlled by planes of few or weak bonds within the mineral structure.

A) well formed crystal faces
B) absorbency
C) bondage
D) cleavage

Question 74

Which one of the following is false for minerals?

A) They have a specific, internal, crystalline structure.
B) They can be identified by characteristic physical properties.
C) They have a specific, predictable chemical composition.
D) They can be a liquid, solid, or glass.

Question 75

The principal ore of mercury is .

A) galena
B) anhydrite
C) sylvite
D) cinnabar

Question 76

When elements or compounds combine in the same proportions but in more than one structural arrangement, relative to each other, those mineral structures are called .

A) polymorphs
B) amorphous
C) bimorphs
D) isotopes

Question 77

The main use for most diamond, corundum and garnet is .

A) semiconductors for the electronics industry
B) fillers in industrial products like paint and pharmaceuticals
C) gemstones of the semiprecious variety
D) industrial abrasives

Question 78

The ion at the centre of a silicon- oxygen tetrahedron is surrounded by .

A) 4 sodium ions
B) 4 oxygen ions
C) 6 sodium ions
D) 6 oxygen ions

Question 79

Atoms of the same element, carbon for example, always have the same .

A) number of neutrons in its chemical bonds
B) atomic weight
C) number of protons in the nucleus
D) number of electrons in the nucleus

Question 80

In compounds one atom gives up electrons to another that receives them.

A) metallic
B) covalent
C) polymorphic
D) ionic