Deck 8: Molecular Evolution

Question 1

The operon model of gene regulation in prokaryotes was proposed by

A) Beadle and Tatum.
B) Hershey and Chase.
C) Watson and Crick.
D) Meselson and Stahl.
E) Jacob and Monod.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

At the conclusion of mitosis, there are ________ haploid cell products produced.

A) 1
B) 4
C) 2
D) 3
E) 0

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Bacteria and archaea are

A) prokaryotic.
B) proteozoic.
C) anucleotic.
D) archaeotic.
E) eukaryotic.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

________ break(s) phosphodiester bonds.

A) DNA ligase
B) Reverse transcriptase
C) Restriction enzymes
D) Polymerases
E) None of the above

Question 5

In eukaryotic cells, ________ are energy-producing organelles that contain DNA.

A) nuclei
B) nucleoli
C) chromosomes
D) mitochondria
E) lysosomes

Question 6

Chromosomes consist of

A) DNA complexed with protein.
B) DNA complexed with fatty acids.
C) DNA.
D) DNA complexed with protein and RNA.
E) DNA complexed with RNA.

Question 7

The appearance of traits expressed by genes in association with environmental influence is referred to as the organism's

A) holotype.
B) phenotype.
C) genotype.
D) karyotype.
E) genome.

Question 8

A gene located at 1q18 is found on chromosome

A) 18.
B) 1.
C) X.
D) Y.
E) None of the above

Question 9

The principles of heredity were first established through breeding experiments carried out in ________ by Gregor Mendel.

A) the 1950s
B) the 1860s
C) the mid-1600s
D) the early 1900s
E) the late 1700s

Question 10

During cell division, cytokinesis is completed by the end of

A) anaphase.
B) metaphase.
C) prophase.
D) telophase.
E) interphase.

Question 11

The ultimate source of all genetic variation in populations is

A) recombination.
B) replication.
C) mutation.
D) transposition.
E) selection.

Question 12

The genetic material of eukaryotic cells is duplicated during which stage of the cell cycle?

A) G2
B) M
C) S
D) G1
E) C and D only

Question 13

The enzyme capable of synthesizing DNA from RNA is

A) Topoisomerase.
B) DNA polymerase.
C) RNA polymerase.
D) Cytokinase.
E) Reverse transcriptase.

Question 14

The eukaryotic nuclear envelope dissolves during cell division.

Question 15

An ideal organism for a geneticist to use as a study organism would possess which of the following characteristics?

A) A well-characterized genetic background, karyotype, etc.
B) A large degree of genetic variation among individuals
C) Matings that produce large numbers of offspring
D) A relatively short life cycle
E) All of these are desirable characteristics.

Question 16

The enzymatic copying of DNA is termed

A) replication.
B) meiosis.
C) translation.
D) transcription.
E) translocation.

Question 17

An organism produces two different alleles for a gene; that organism is ________ with respect to that gene.

A) homozygous
B) diallelic
C) diploid
D) haploid
E) heterozygous

Question 18

The centromere is located ________ of a telocentric chromosome.

A) at one end
B) between the center and one end
C) on both ends
D) in the center
E) None of the above

Question 19

Crossing over or recombination most frequently occurs during

A) prophase of mitosis.
B) telophase of mitosis.
C) metaphase II of meiosis.
D) prophase I of meiosis.
E) prophase II of meiosis.

Question 20

DNA and RNA nucleotide structure is identical except for

A) the absence of phosphate groups in RNA.
B) the presence of a 2'-hydroxyl in DNA.
C) the position of the base in RNA.
D) the position of the phosphate groups in DNA.
E) none of the above; the two molecules are identical.

Question 21

Genetic maps show the relative location and arrangement of genes on chromosomes.

Question 22

There is a temporary "4N" stage during meiosis. When does it occur?

Question 23

Describe the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis and explain its limitations.

Question 24

Describe in general terms the typical F2 pattern seen in a classic Mendelian cross for (1) a simple trait and (2) a quantitative trait.

Question 25

What keeps genes from being constantly expressed?

Question 26

DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA with or without a primer.

Question 27

The genetic terms transcription and translation obviously have origins pertaining to language and books. Compare transcribing and translating a book and transcribing and translating genetic information in DNA.

Question 28

Draw and fully label a DNA nucleotide. What key change would convert the molecule to a nucleoside? To an RNA nucleotide?

Question 29

Gregor Mendel was fortunate in his choice of pea plant traits to use in his breeding studies. Can you think of pea plant traits that would have been unsuitable?

Question 30

Karyotypes consist of a complete set of anaphase chromosomes.

Question 31

All gene products are polypeptides.

Question 32

Of what use is a genetic map?

Question 33

Single-gene traits are termed Mendelian trait, while multigene traits are quantitative traits.

Question 34

Can a given amino acid be specified by more than one codon, or can a given codon specify more than one amino acid?

Question 35

At the conclusion of meiosis, there are four haploid cells.

Question 36

Membrane-bound nuclei are characteristic of eukarya and archaea.

Question 37

Phosphodiester bonds link units of polypeptides.

Question 38

List and briefly define the ways in which genetic variation is generated.

Question 39

During what process can heritable genetic variation be generated: replication, transcription, or translation?

Question 40

At what stage(s) of cell division can a karyotype be made, and why?

Question 41

Is it possible for a eukaryotic organism to have just one chromosome in its karyotype?

Question 42

Before DNA was conclusively shown to be the hereditary material, many geneticists believed that protein was likely to play that role. What qualities do you think made proteins seem like a better candidate than nucleic acids for the molecule that encodes genetic information?

Question 43

Which is larger, the genome or proteome of a eukaryote, and why?