Deck 13: Essential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals

Question 1

Which of the following dietary components impedes copper absorption?

A) gluconate
B) phosphate
C) citric acid
D) phytic acid

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which trace mineral participates in the greatest number of enzyme systems?

A) zinc
B) iron
C) selenium
D) copper

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Excessive intake of non-heme iron interferes with absorption of which mineral by an unknown mechanism?

A) manganese
B) zinc
C) chromium
D) selenium

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the microminerals is considered essential for normal brain function?

A) chromium
B) fluorine
C) vanadium
D) manganese

Question 5

Absorption of dietary iron is regulated by _____, produced by the liver when iron stores are high and released to the blood to act at the surface of enterocytes and macrophages.

A) hepcidin
B) hepaestin
C) ferroportin
D) hemoglobin

Question 6

ZIP4

A) mutations result in zinc toxicity due to acrodermatitis enteropathica.
B) is the primary transporter of zinc into enterocytes.
C) is expressed only in the liver.
D) degrades more rapidly when zinc intakes are low.

Question 7

At the cellular level, which mineral interacts with vitamin A by promoting growth and helping to synthesize retinol-binding protein?

A) cobalt
B) zinc
C) silicon
D) chromium

Question 8

In the presence of low intracellular iron, the binding of iron regulatory protein (IRE-BP) to iron response elements (IRE) present on the ferritin mRNA:

A) results in a decrease in ferritin abundance.
B) results in an increase in ferritin abundance.
C) occurs only when intracellular iron concentrations are high.
D) doesn't occur.

Question 9

Hemoglobin and hematocrit are common measurements for assessment of nutriture for which mineral?

A) iodine
B) zinc
C) chromium
D) iron

Question 10

Iron content of the average Western diet is estimated to be about

A) 1 to 4 mg iron per 1,000 kcal.
B) 5 to 7 mg iron per 1,000 kcal.
C) 8 to 15 mg/day.
D) 18 g /day.

Question 11

The following vitamins/ minerals are required for heme synthesis:

A) vitamin E, vitamin C, and iron.
B) folate, B₁₂, and iron.
C) B₆, zinc, and iron.
D) copper, zinc, and folate.

Question 12

The binding of iron by proteins defends the cells against

A) iron deposition in kidneys and other organs.
B) oxidative damage from free radicals.
C) tissue hypoxia.
D) stellate cells.

Question 13

Zinc is important for taste perception as a component of _____.

A) carbonic anhydrase
B) alcohol dehydrogenase
C) gustin
D) thionein

Question 14

The enzyme that converts retinol to retinal and ethanol to acetyl-aldehyde contains 4 ____ atoms.

A) copper
B) iodine
C) zinc
D) iron

Question 15

Which statement is false?

A) Hemosiderin is the primary storage form of iron in cells.
B) Iron is stored mainly in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen.
C) Iron is released more slowly from hemosiderin than from ferritin.
D) Ferritin is an unstable compound that is constantly being degraded and resynthesized.

Question 16

Which vitamin may enhance copper reduction?

A) niacin
B) biotin
C) ascorbic acid
D) β-carotene

Question 17

Where would you find iron regulatory element binding protein (IRE-BP)?

A) cytosol
B) nucleus
C) mitochondria
D) none of the above

Question 18

Which of the following dietary substances inhibits uptake of non-heme iron?

A) ascorbic acid
B) lactic acid
C) tea
D) MFP

Question 19

Which mineral facilitates transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain?

A) calcium
B) nickel
C) zinc
D) iron

Question 20

Which mineral is critical for oxidizing iron to be bound by transferrin for delivery to the tissues from the gut and liver?

A) zinc
B) manganese
C) copper
D) chromium

Question 21

People living in regions that contain high soil molybdenum levels may develop _____.

A) gout
B) heart disease
C) reduced urea production
D) cretinism

Question 22

Which trace mineral is important for activating a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis?

A) iron
B) copper
C) iodine
D) manganese

Question 23

Which mineral is an essential factor in the action of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in the reduction of organic peroxides and hydrogen peroxide?

A) molybdenum
B) selenium
C) silicon
D) vanadium

Question 24

Chromium absorption is inhibited by _____ and enhanced by _____.

A) antacids, picolinate
B) methionine, phytic acid
C) picolinic acid, vitamin C
D) phenylalanine, histidine

Question 25

What two minerals can cause damage to cells when in their free ion forms?

A) iron and copper
B) zinc and molybdenum
C) iodine and manganese
D) zinc and copper

Question 26

The protein that plays a dual function in both iron and copper homeostasis is:

A) ferritin.
B) transferrin.
C) metallothionein.
D) ceruloplasmin.

Question 27

The addition to the diet of which food will alleviate the problem of endemic goiter?

A) cabbage
B) broccoli
C) cassava
D) iodized salt

Question 28

Which mineral serves as a cofactor in xanthine oxidase in the metabolism of purines, pyrimidines, and pteridines?

A) manganese
B) molybdenum
C) copper
D) chromium

Question 29

What is important in antioxidant DEFENSE?

A) iron
B) superoxide dismutase (SOD)
C) glutathione
D) more than one of these
E) all three of these

Question 30

A key enzyme in liver urea production requires four _____ atoms per molecule.

A) iron
B) copper
C) zinc
D) manganese

Question 31

Which statement about selenium metabolism is true?

A) Free selenide can be converted into selenophosphate.
B) Selenocysteine is degraded to yield selenomethionine.
C) Dietary selenocysteine can be utilized directly to produce selenium-dependent enzymes.
D) Significant cellular damage occurs only with complete cessation of selenoprotein synthesis.

Question 32

When superoxide radicals accumulate, superoxide dismutase catalyzes the formation of hydrogen peroxide. What happens to the hydrogen peroxide?

A) It freely dissociates to water.
B) It is excreted in the urine and through the lungs.
C) It is converted to water and oxygen via catalase or glutathione peroxidase.
D) It is used in the synthesis of DNA and RNA.

Question 33

Which micromineral is necessary for iodine metabolism?

A) fluorine
B) manganese
C) chromium
D) selenium

Question 34

What glycoprotein serves as a transporter of copper, an antioxidant, and an oxidative enzyme?

A) albumin
B) globulin
C) ceruploplasmin
D) free amino acid

Question 35

What genetic disorder causes copper toxicity?

A) hemochromatosis
B) Keshan disease
C) Menkes disease
D) Wilson's disease

Question 36

The primary physiological role of which mineral is as a constituent in the thyroid hormones?

A) fluorine
B) iodine
C) selenium
D) chromium

Question 37

Glutathione loses two electrons when it acts as an antioxidant. Glutathione is _____.

A) oxidized
B) reduced

Question 38

Iodine deficiency associated with growth problems results in _____.

A) cretinism
B) Keshan disease
C) goitrin
D) goiter

Question 39

Which non-metal nutrient deficiency is associated with Keshan disease, characterized by cardiomyopathy?

A) iodine
B) zinc
C) selenium
D) molybdenum

Question 40

Which mineral is thought to potentiate the action of insulin?

A) chromium
B) manganese
C) copper
D) cobalt

Question 41

Nutrient-drug interactions caused by drugs such as statins used to treat cardiovascular disease are most likely to result in

A) poor absorption of vitamins.
B) poor metabolism of the drug when taken with grapefruit.
C) enhanced metabolism of the drug rendering it less effective when taken on an empty stomach.
D) enhanced excretion of potassium and other electrolytes.

Question 42

Nutrient-drug interactions caused by antacids used to treat GERD are most likely to result in

A) poor absorption of nutrients such as iron.
B) poor absorption of the drug when taken with grapefruit.
C) enhanced metabolism of the drug rendering it less effective when taken on an empty stomach.
D) enhanced excretion of potassium and other electrolytes.

Question 43

Nutrient-drug interactions caused by diuretics used to treat high blood pressure are most likely to result in

A) poor absorption of vitamins.
B) poor absorption of the drug when taken with grapefruit.
C) enhanced metabolism of the drug rendering it less effective when taken on an empty stomach.
D) enhanced excretion of potassium and other electrolytes.

Question 44

Nutrient-drug interactions caused by anticonvulsants such as phenobarbital used to treat seizures are most likely to result in

A) poor absorption of nutrients such as iron.
B) poor absorption of the drug when taken with grapefruit.
C) reduced metabolism of vitamins.
D) enhanced excretion of potassium and other electrolytes.

Question 45

Nutrient-drug interactions caused by consuming amines in foods such as aged cheeses with monoamine oxidase inhibitors used to treat depression are most likely to result in

A) high blood pressure and cardiac dysrhythmia.
B) poor absorption of the drug when taken with grapefruit.
C) enhanced metabolism of the drug rendering it less effective when taken on an empty stomach.
D) enhanced excretion of potassium and other electrolytes.