Deck 2: The Digestive System:mechanism for Nourishing the Body

Question 1

What cells found both in oxyntic glands and pyloric glands of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?

A) neck cells
B) parietal cells
C) chief cells
D) enteroendocrine cells

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Pepcid, a drug that is classified as a H₂ receptor antagonist, acts by _____.

A) inhibiting the secretion of hydrogen ions by the parietal cells
B) inhibiting the release of acetylcholine by the vagus nerve
C) inhibiting the binding of gastrin to the parietal cells
D) inhibiting the binding of histamine to the parietal cells

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The product(s) of pepsin's action is/are _____.

A) disaccharides
B) amylose
C) short-chain fatty acids
D) hydrolyzed proteins

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which structural component of the gastrointestinal tract is within the muscularis externa and controls the contractions that cause motility?

A) muscularis mucosae
B) submucosal plexus
C) myenteric plexus
D) lumen

Question 5

When the pH of the stomach is increased to avoid GERD, over time the stomach may not be acidic enough. Which of the following might occur?

A) lack of carbohydrate digestion
B) decreased protein digestion
C) destruction of bacterial in the stomach
D) gastric ulcer

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT considered an accessory organ?

A) pancreas
B) liver
C) gallbladder
D) spleen

Question 7

39 15. The parietal cells secrete _____.

A) hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
B) instrinsic factor and gastrin
C) gastrin and zymogens
D) zymogens and hydrochloric acid

Question 8

A function of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice is to

A) digest protein, functioning as an endopeptidase.
B) protect the stomach lining from damage.
C) inhibit secretion of gastrin and CCK.
D) act as a bactericide agent.

Question 9

Which is NOT a component of saliva?

A) mucus
B) enzymes
C) water
D) proteases

Question 10

What is the name of the digestive enzyme in saliva that digests starch?

A) lipase
B) synthetase
C) amylase
D) lactase

Question 11

The volume of a normal stomach ranges from 50 mL (~2 oz) when empty to _____ when full.

A) 100 mL (~4 oz)
B) 250 mL (~1 cup)
C) 750 mL (~3 cups)
D) 1.5 L (~ 6 cups)

Question 12

39 10. What product produced by neck cells in the oxyntic gland of the stomach protects the epithelium from mechanical and chemical damage?

A) amylase
B) pepsin
C) gastrin
D) mucus

Question 13

Which specialized cell of the gastric epithelium secretes a hormone?

A) neck
B) parietal
C) chief
D) G-cell

Question 14

Which of the following digestive fluids is the most alkaline?

A) bile
B) pancreatic juice
C) saliva
D) gastric juice

Question 15

Bile is most important for the digestion and absorption of _____.

A) carbohydrates
B) proteins
C) fats
D) vitamins

Question 16

Which stage of swallowing moves structures of the mouth and throat to avoid the aspiration of food?

A) oral stage
B) pharyngeal stage
C) esophageal stage

Question 17

What is the most probable problem if the function of the parotid glands is decreased?

A) lack of triglyceride digestion
B) hard to form bolus
C) saliva that is too thin - a high water to mucus ratio
D) diarrhea due to malabsorption

Question 18

39 14. The chief cells secrete _____.

A) gastrin
B) mucus
C) zymogens
D) hydrochloric acid

Question 19

Within the lamina propria, lying just below the epithelium, is the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, which

A) controls secretions from the mucosal glands.
B) contains white blood cells and protects against ingested microorganisms.
C) initiates peristalsis.
D) secretes mucus, hormones and digestive juices into the lumen.

Question 20

What cells found in oxyntic glands in the body of the stomach secrete pepsinogens?

A) neck cells
B) parietal cells
C) chief cells
D) enteroendocrine cells

Question 21

Which of the mechanisms responsible for absorption of nutrients into the epithelial cell of the villus requires energy?

A) diffusion
B) facilitated diffusion
C) active transport
D) pinocytosis

Question 22

57 31. The hormone primarily responsible for contraction of the gallbladder and release of bile into the duodenum is _____.

A) gastrin
B) secretin
C) cholecystokinin
D) GRP

Question 23

Conjugation of bile acids with glycine and taurine improves their ability to

A) ionize and form micelles.
B) undergo enterohepatic recirculation.
C) be excreted in the feces, thus keeping serum cholesterol normal.
D) promote the formation of bile salts.

Question 24

What percentage of urea produced in the body is converted to ammonia by bacteria in the colon and reabsorbed?

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 100%

Question 25

Choose the phrase that best describes the function of the crypt of Lieberkühn.

A) mucus secretion
B) glucose oxidation
C) cellular differentiation
D) amylase secretion

Question 26

Pancreatic juice that enters the duodenum through the sphincter of Oddi contains all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A) digestive enzymes
B) intrinsic factor
C) anions such as bicarbonate and chloride
D) cations such as sodium, potassium, and calcium

Question 27

What percentage of cholesterol in bile is used to form chylomicrons?

A) none of it
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 50%

Question 28

Of the 3 short-chain fatty acids created by gut bacteria, which one is the preferred energy source for colonic epithelial cells?

A) butyric acid
B) acetic acid
C) propionic acid
D) oleic acid

Question 29

The majority of the pancreatic tissue is _____.

A) endocrine in function
B) exocrine in function

Question 30

Which medication inhibits hydrogen release into the gastric juice, which reduces GI mucosal irritation?

A) Pepcid
B) Nexium
C) Tums
D) Tagamet

Question 31

One of the major molecules absorbed from the colon is water and one liter of chyme entering the large intestine is normally reduced to _____.

A) 500 g
B) 400 g
C) 300 g
D) 200 g

Question 32

Bile salts are synthesized from cholesterol in the _____.

A) canaliculi
B) common bile duct
C) hepatocytes
D) gallbladder

Question 33

Which hormone is responsible for decreasing sodium absorption in the colon?

A) glucocorticoids
B) mineralcorticoids
C) vasopressin
D) glucagon

Question 34

Approximately how much chyme per minute is allowed to enter the duodenum from the stomach?

A) 1-5 mL
B) 6-10 mL
C) 11-15 mL
D) 16-20 mL

Question 35

Anaerobic bacteria populate the gut in _____ greater quantities than aerobic bacteria.

A) 2 fold
B) 5 fold
C) 10 fold
D) 100 fold

Question 36

In what organ are enzymes produced that are responsible for digestion of 50% of carbohydrate and protein and 90% of fat?

A) liver
B) esophagus
C) pancreas
D) gallbladder

Question 37

Which of the following is enterohepatically circulated?

A) pancreatic enzymes
B) bile
C) glucose
D) CCK

Question 38

When diagnosing lactose intolerance, _____ is measured in the breath following oral consumption of 50 g lactose.

A) methane
B) hydrogen
C) carbon dioxide
D) sulfur

Question 39

Most of the digestive enzymes produced by the intestinal enterocytes function

A) in the stomach.
B) in the intestinal lumen.
C) at the brush border.
D) within the cytoplasm of the enterocytes.

Question 40

The pancreas is a digestive system accessory organ with two types of active tissue, the ductless endocrine cells that secrete insulin and glucagon and the

A) liver-like cells that produce bile.
B) ductless absorptive tissue that controls bicarbonate.
C) acinar exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes.
D) erythropoietic cells that produce red blood cells.

Question 41

The parasympathetic nervous system affects gastrointestinal motility by

A) stimulating peristalsis.
B) constricting sphincters.
C) decreasing muscle contractions.
D) inhibiting peptide production.

Question 42

Secretin is released from the enteroendocrine S-cell in the _____.

A) proximal small intestine
B) gastric mucosa
C) esophagus
D) colon

Question 43

Which regulatory peptide synthesized in the pancreatic and intestinal cells appears to inhibit release of gastrin, secretin, and motilin?

A) neurotensin
B) GRP
C) insulin
D) somatastatin

Question 44

Among the regulatory peptide molecules, some are recognized as true hormones. Which of the following is a paracrine rather than a hormone?

A) somatostatin
B) secretin
C) cholecystokinin
D) gastrin

Question 45

All of the following are involved in satiety and suppression of food intake EXCEPT _____.

A) cholecystokinin
B) corticotropin-releasing hormone
C) neuropeptide Y
D) leptin

Question 46

Prebiotics act as substrates for the growth of beneficial bacteria in the colon and are _____.

A) certain types of bifidobacteria
B) live cultures of mixed lactobacilli
C) selected fibers
D) antibiotics

Question 47

The neuronal network system located in the submucosa (plexus of Meissner) controls:

A) peristalsis and local blood flow.
B) ileal secretions and gastric motility.
C) frequency and strength of gastric muscle contractions.
D) gastrointestinal secretions and local blood flow.

Question 48

Lactose intolerance is common in all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A) European Americans
B) African Americans
C) American Indians
D) Asian Americans

Question 49

Which of the following peptides stimulates appetite?

A) bombesin
B) ghrelin
C) leptin
D) cholecystokinin

Question 50

The major role of gastrin in the GI tract is that of _____.

A) inhibition
B) stimulation
C) transport
D) no effect