Deck 4: Hormones and Chromosomes

Question 1

Androgens

A) are produced exclusively by men.
B) begin initial production at puberty.
C) are produced by both men and women.
D) have six carbon rings in their molecular structure.
E) both a and b

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The action of releasing hormones is to

A) cause the hypothalamus to release gonadal hormones.
B) cause the pituitary to release hormones.
C) reverse the action of the hypothalamus and the pituitary.
D) remove the influence of gonadal hormones during part of the cycle.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The two main classes of gonadal hormones are

A) estrogens and androgens.
B) pituitary and hypothalamic.
C) ovarian and progestrogenic.
D) androgenic and testosterogenic.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The term sexual dimorphism refers to

A) the sexual changes that occur during puberty.
B) the psychological differences between men and women.
C) the two physically different versions of the sexes.
D) developmental changes that occur during the prenatal period.

Question 5

The pituitary gland is

A) located just above the kidneys.
B) located in the brain.
C) controlled by the gonads.
D) controlled by the cerebral cortex.

Question 6

Endocrine glands

A) secrete only steroid hormones.
B) are the only type of gland.
C) secrete a variety of hormones.
D) contain receptors that are sensitive to the hormones they secrete.

Question 7

The development of internal and external genitalia occur

A) at the same time during puberty.
B) at the same time during prenatal development-during the last trimester.
C) at different times for males and females-females develop before males.
D) during different times during prenatal development-internal genitalia before external genitalia.

Question 8

The most common of the estrogens is ________, and the most common of the androgens is _________.

A) testosterone . . . . estradiol
B) testosterone . . . . progestin
C) progestin . . . . estradiol
D) estradiol . . . . testosterone

Question 9

The gonads

A) consist of the pituitary gland and the ovaries.
B) are the only glands that secrete steroid hormones.
C) are the glands responsible for all reproductive differences and sexual functioning.
D) consist of the ovaries and testes.
E) both c and d

Question 10

Estrogens

A) are produced exclusively by women.
B) are at their peak production prenatally.
C) are produced by both men and women.
D) have six carbon rings in their molecular structure.
E) both a and b

Question 11

Individuals who inherit an X chromosome from their mother and a Y chromosome from their father

A) are genetically male.
B) are genetically female.
C) will be male and have normal hormones.
D) will be female and have normal hormones.
E) both a and c

Question 12

The development of sexual differences begins with the

A) inheritance of genetic material.
B) development of reproductive organs.
C) onset of puberty.
D) onset of fertility.

Question 13

The action of the pituitary gland includes

A) secreting tropic hormones.
B) secreting estrogen and androgen.
C) suppressing the secretion of adrenaline during sexual excitement.
D) all of the above.

Question 14

Gonadotropins are

A) one type of steroid hormone.
B) responsible for stimulating the ovaries and testes.
C) more effective in stimulating the testes than the ovaries.
D) both a and b
E) all of the above

Question 15

Differentiation of the reproductive systems of men and women

A) begins during the first week of prenatal development.
B) is completed during the first six weeks of prenatal development.
C) does not begin until about six weeks into prenatal development.
D) does not begin until about three months into postnatal development.
E) both a and b

Question 16

Steroid hormones

A) are important to differences between the sexes and reproduction.
B) are secreted by ducted as well as endocrine (ductless) glands.
C) serve different functions in humans than in other animals.
D) alter the structure as well as the function of chromosomes.

Question 17

In women, the function of progesterone is _________, and in men the function is _________.

A) to increase sexual interest . . . also to increase sexual interest
B) related to preparing the body for pregnancy . . . . unknown
C) to prevent implantation of the fertilized ovum . . . . to decrease sexual desire
D) to hasten the onset of puberty . . . . to reverse the effects of puberty

Question 18

When the doctor announced, "It's a boy," or "It's a girl," that judgment is usually based on

A) chromosome testing done prenatally.
B) hormones secreted during prenatal development.
C) the appearance of external genitalia.
D) a combination of the appearance of external genitalia and an examination of internal genitalia.

Question 19

The hormones that stimulate the pituitary are called

A) endogenous hormones.
B) gonadotropins.
C) releasing hormones.
D) gonadal hormones.

Question 20

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the internal genitalia?

A) testes
B) penis
C) fallopian tubes
D) seminal vesicles

Question 21

Clear evidence for sexual dimorphism in the brain exists for

A) the corpus callosum.
B) the massa intermedia.
C) the anterior commisure.
D) the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the hypothalamus.
E) all of the above

Question 22

The sexually dimorphic nucleus is

A) a structure in the medial thalamus that is larger in men than in women.
B) a structure in the hypothalamus that is larger in men than in women.
C) an integral part of each cell that contains the genetic material.
D) a part of each of the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex, near Broca's area.

Question 23

The prenatal structures of the reproductive organs

A) can develop according to the male pattern or the female pattern.
B) are duplicated in individuals with chromosomal abnormalities.
C) are unisex for individuals with developmental problems, such as androgen insensitivity syndrome, but not for other individuals.
D) are unisex only in a few individuals with hormonal abnormalities.

Question 24

The presence of _______ stimulates the _______ system to develop according to the male pattern.

A) androgens . . . . Müllerian
B) androgens . . . . Wolffian
C) progestins . . . . Crambian
D) progestins . . . . Müllerian

Question 25

Levels of circulating steroid hormones are low during _______ and higher during _______.

A) prenatal development . . . . childhood
B) prenatal development . . . . puberty
C) childhood . . . . puberty
D) puberty . . . . middle age

Question 26

The concept of lateralization

A) holds that the left hemisphere is the dominant hemisphere.
B) holds that the right hemisphere is the minor hemisphere.
C) holds that the two hemispheres are each specialized for specific functions.
D) all of the above.

Question 27

Separating the effects of hormonal from social influences in development is

A) important for both biologists and psychologists.
B) now possible due to the development of hormone assay technology.
C) easy because the causal influences flow in one direction, going from hormones to physiology to behavior.
D) impossible because behavior affects physiology as well as being influenced by physiology.

Question 28

The brains of males are larger than the brains of females

A) beginning at puberty and continuing until old age.
B) due to the action of prenatal estrogens.
C) and most of the difference is in the cerebral hemispheres.
D) but the difference is mostly due to the difference in body size.

Question 29

Secondary sex characteristics

A) include differences between women and men other than reproductive organs.
B) first appear during prenatal development.
C) become apparent in middle childhood.
D) both a and c
E) none of the above

Question 30

An individual who is not exposed to androgens during prenatal development

A) will not develop into a normal male.
B) will develop female internal genitalia and ambiguous external genitalia.
C) can develop into a normal male if testosterone is administered shortly before puberty.
D) can develop into either a male or a female, depending on the chromosomal configuration.

Question 31

The role of hormones in sexual receptivity

A) is clear for some animals, such as rats, but not so clear for other animals, such as humans.
B) is clear for all mammals but not for reptiles, birds, or insects.
C) is not as strong as experience and expectation in any species.
D) has not been established for any species.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is most accurate concerning hormone action?

A) In the process of developing male reproductive organs, the presence of testosterone is not as important as chromosomes.
B) Regardless of the chromosome pattern of the fetus, the presence of testosterone will masculinize a developing fetus.
C) Women who produce androgens at any point in their lives will not be normal females.
D) The presence of testosterone during puberty will cause the development of normal fertility in an individual with XY chromosome pattern.

Question 33

If little or no androgens or estrogens are present during prenatal development, the developing fetus will

A) have no external genitalia.
B) have external genitalia of both sexes.
C) have external genitalia that look more like a female than a male.
D) have external genitalia that look more like a female if the individual has the XX chromosome pattern but that look more like a male if the individual has the XY chromosome pattern.

Question 34

Research on gender and lateralization has yielded

A) consistent results, with women more lateralized than men.
B) consistent results, with all studies finding men more lateralized than women.
C) inconsistent results, but studies that show differences indicate that men are more lateralized.
D) inconsistent results, with some studies finding that men are more lateralized and some finding that women are more lateralized.

Question 35

Psychological and social influences are LEAST likely to create gender differences

A) during prenatal development.
B) when parents reward gender-typed behavior.
C) when hormone levels are highest.
D) after gender roles are fixed.

Question 36

The activating effects of hormones

A) occur during prenatal development and produce permanent changes.
B) stimulate the prenatal brain to develop according to the male or female pattern.
C) occur during puberty and act to reverse the effects of prenatal hormones.
D) occur during puberty and result in sexually motivated individuals.

Question 37

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

A) increase during pregnancy.
B) occur in women (but not men), forming the basis for the menstrual cycle.
C) are necessary in both men and women to establish fertility.
D) both a and b

Question 38

If the Müllerian system fails to develop, then

A) the Wolffian system also fails to develop, producing an individual with Turner syndrome.
B) Müllerian-inhibiting substance is produced by the mother.
C) the individual will not develop according to the female pattern.
D) the individual will be intersex rather than male or female.

Question 39

Development of pubic and body hair during puberty is a result of the action of

A) estrogens.
B) androgens.
C) estrogens in women and androgens in men.
D) androgens in women and estrogens in men.

Question 40

The spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus

A) is absent in women and homosexual men.
B) is involved in the ejaculation in men.
C) is larger in men than in women.
D) has no function in women.
E) both b and c

Question 41

The presence of extra chromosomal material or missing chromosomal material

A) is often associated with developmental disabilities.
B) signals sexual identity problems.
C) is associated with homosexual sexual orientation.
D) usually remains undetected until the individual reaches puberty.

Question 42

The maintenance of sexual interest in humans is _______ hormones.

A) completely dependent on
B) not related to
C) related to but not entirely dependent on
D) inversely related to

Question 43

Individuals with Klinefelter syndrome have

A) the physical appearance of feminized males.
B) the chromosome pattern of normal males.
C) the chromosome pattern of normal males but the physical appearance of normal females.
D) normal internal genitalia but abnormal external genitalia.

Question 44

Individuals with Turner syndrome

A) are genetically female.
B) are hermaphrodites.
C) have extra chromosomal material, resulting in an XXX pattern.
D) have missing chromosomal material.

Question 45

One type of intersex individuals occurs through androgen insensitivity syndrome, which produces individuals

A) with normal internal and external male reproductive organs but with low levels of androgens and a feminized body appearance.
B) who have XY chromosomes but whose external genitals and gender identity are female.
C) whose testosterone production is abnormally low during prenatal development, resulting in both internal and external genital abnormalities.
D) who fail to make a complete gender identification and apply for sexual reassignment surgery.

Question 46

Individuals with the XXX and XXXX chromosome pattern

A) tend to have exaggerated feminine personality traits.
B) have a high fertility rate.
C) have a higher than normal level of sexual desire.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 47

Humans who do not undergo puberty

A) are physically similar to individuals who undergo puberty.
B) have lower levels of mental abilities due to lack of gonadal hormones.
C) are more likely to have a homosexual sexual orientation than individuals who undergo puberty.
D) are less likely to develop sexual interest than individual who undergo puberty.

Question 48

Individuals with androgen insensitivity syndrome

A) have the normal chromosome pattern for females.
B) have the normal chromosome pattern for males.
C) are missing one chromosome of pair 23.
D) have extra chromosomal material.

Question 49

In many cases, the first signal that an individual has androgen insensitivity syndrome is

A) their failure to father children.
B) the abnormal appearance of their external genitalia at birth.
C) their failure to reach menarche.
D) school problems, especially with math.

Question 50

Individuals with the XYY pattern

A) tend to be very tall.
B)
B) tend to be convicted of violent crimes.
C) tend to be violent, but not in illegal ways.
D) both a and

Question 51

A majority of girls affected by congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A) identify themselves as female and develop heterosexual sexual orientation.
B) have difficulty identifying themselves as female.
C) identify as lesbian or bisexual during adolescence.
D) seek sexual reassignment surgery to become male.
E) both b and d

Question 52

A developing female fetus, if exposed to androgens, will

A) change chromosome pattern to XY.
B) undergo masculinization of the external genitalia.
C) undergo feminization of the internal genitalia, producing abnormally high levels of estrogens.
D) still develop as a normal female.

Question 53

Female fetuses exposed to androgens during prenatal development

A) have higher IQs than normal females.
B) have lower IQs than normal females.
C) are more likely to be "tomboys" than girls with no prenatal androgen exposure.
D) are usually infertile due to lack of ovaries.

Question 54

Sexual interest in women and men has what type of relationship to levels of gonadal hormones?

A) Women's sexual interest is more dependent on estrogens than men's sexual interest is on testosterone.
B) Women's sexual interest is less dependent on estrogens than men's sexual interest is on testosterone.
C) Women's and men's sexual interest are both dependent on similar levels of gonadal hormones.
D) Neither women nor men are dependent on hormones for continuation of sexual interest.

Question 55

Individuals with androgen insensitivity syndrome are difficult to identify as male or female because

A) they appear male but have ovaries rather than testes.
B) they appear female and identify themselves as female but have XY chromosomes.
C) their chromosomes are XY but their hormone levels are the same as normal women.
D) they identify as male during childhood but become female during adolescence.

Question 56

Intersex individuals

A) have two completes sets of external and internal genitals.
B) have some genitalia of both males and females.
C) have breasts and testicles but neither ovaries nor a penis.
D) are usually homosexual.

Question 57

Individuals with Klinefelter syndrome have male internal and external genitalia, but they

A) have a missing chromosome.
B) have an extra X chromosome, resulting in an XXY pattern.
C) have an extra Y chromosome, resulting in an XYY pattern.
D) are unusually aggressive.
E) both c and d

Question 58

Individuals with Turner syndrome are usually identified at birth as girls and raised as girls

A) with normal levels of hormones.
B) with normal reproductive capabilities.
C) but lack internal reproductive organs.
D) but are likely to be lesbians.

Question 59

Androgen insensitivity syndrome produces individuals
A) who have the external and internal genitalia of normal women but with abnormally high levels of estrogens.

A) whose external genitalia appear female but who have abnormal internal genitalia.
B) whose external genitalia appear male and who can be fertile if they take androgens.
C) who have the external genitalia and internal genitalia of a normal man but who produce low levels of androgens and have fertility problems.

Question 60

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia occurs

A) when female fetuses are exposed to abnormally high levels of androgens during prenatal development.
B) when androgens affect the developing genitals of male fetuses.
C) when the male genitals become feminized due to an overabundance of circulating estrogens.
D) in about 10% of fetuses.

Question 61

Individuals with the genetic enzyme deficiency 5-alpha reductase

A) are genetically males.
B) have the internal genitalia of males.
C) have external genitalia that are closer to the female than the male pattern.
D) all of the above.

Question 62

Research on the premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has confirmed the existence of

A) both physical and psychological symptoms for about 25% of women.
B) psychological symptoms, but evidence for physical symptoms is less clear.
C) physical symptoms, but evidence for psychological symptoms is less clear.
D) physical symptoms for 10% and psychological symptoms for 60% of women.

Question 63

In determining the percent of women who experience symptoms consistent with PMS, one should keep in mind that

A) PMS affects approximately 80% of women.
B) symptoms associated with menstruation are not the same as PMS.
C) women with high levels of estrogen are more likely to experience the symptoms of PMS than women with lower levels of estrogen.
D) men experience more severe cyclic variations of mood than women do.

Question 64

The term intersexuality is a modern term for the condition once labeled

A) androgen insensitivity syndrome.
B) Klinefelter syndrome.
C) homosexuality.
D) hermaphroditism.

Question 65

What is the difference in incidence of PMS when women are asked to record their moods on a daily basis rather than recall their moods during their monthly cycle?

A) Women are more accurate in recalling moods than in recording them.
B) Women do not record mood symptoms that confirm the PMS pattern nearly as often as they recall such symptoms.
C) Women record symptoms that are consistent with PMS more often than they recall such symptoms.
D) Few differences in symptoms appear, and the reports confirm the existence of PMS for about 60% of women.

Question 66

Carefully controlled research (by McFarlane and her colleagues) on PMS revealed that

A) PMS affects approximately 60% of women.
B) mood changes associated with PMS may be a product of expectation and labeling rather than hormones.
C) hormonal variations are the underlying cause of PMS.
D) the physical but not the psychological symptoms of PMS can be treated with antidepressant drugs.

Question 67

Although predictions about individuals are not always valid when based on results from group studies, what would you predict about Josh and Judd based on the study comparing "rowdy" versus more sedate fraternities? Josh's testosterone level is in the upper 10%, and Judd's is within the average range.

A) Both are equally likely to pledge the "rowdy" fraternity.
B) Josh is more likely to pledge the "rowdy" fraternity, and Judd is more likely to join the more sedate organization.
C) Judd will want to pledge the "rowdy" fraternity, but he will not be successful.
D) Both are more likely to pledge the more sedate fraternity, but Josh will probably drop out of fraternity life.

Question 68

Most research on premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and the menstrual cycle has what problem?

A) The researchers have failed to measure women at all points in their cycle.
B) The participants know the topic of the research, biasing their reports of symptoms.
C) The participants have been women with menstrual problems rather than a random sample of women.
D) The researchers have been men, biasing their observations and data collection.

Question 69

When women recall rather than report their moods during the course of a month or longer, they

A) recall more pleasant moods during their menstrual period than at any other time.
B) fail to confirm PMS symptoms.
C) tend to report premenstrual symptoms they did not experience.
D) recall few details of mood swings.

Question 70

The headline story for this chapter contended that PMS increases insightful problem solving because of the hormonal changes that produce PMS. This contention

A) is no better supported by research than the negative symptoms supposedly associated with the premenstrual period.
B) has been reported by about 15% of women.
C) is true for women who do not report negative symptoms for PMS but not for those who do.
D) both b and c

Question 71

Perpetuation of the PMS concept probably occurs through

A) women's willingness to label their symptoms as PMS.
B) men's willingness to label women's behavior as PMS.
C) the increasing number of women who are successfully treated for PMS.
D) both a and b
E) all of the above

Question 72

The underlying cause of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A) is the relatively high levels of progesterone during the premenstrual phase of the cycle.
B) is the relatively low level of estradiol during the premenstrual phase of the cycle.
C) results from and combination of the hormonal action described in choices a and b
D) bears little relationship to hormonal variations during the cycle.

Question 73

Careful research on the menstrual cycle (by McFarlane and her colleagues) has shown that

A) both women and men experience mood variations, but not following the PMS pattern.
B) both women and men experience mood variations that follow a cyclic, monthly pattern.
C) women experience mood changes relating to their menstrual cycle, but men experience a constant mood.
D) men experience more severe mood swings than women, but the pattern is on a two- or three-month cycle.

Question 74

PMDD differs from PMS

A) in terms of the severity of symptoms-PMDD is more severe.
B) in terms of the symptoms-individuals with PMS have more symptoms.
C) in terms of the number of people affected-PMDD affects more people.
D) in terms of the individuals affected-younger women are more likely to have PMS and older women are more likely to have PMDD.

Question 75

People whose genitalia are not clearly male or female

A) usually have a confused sexual identity.
B) adopt the male role more often than the female role, regardless of their genetic or hormonal sex.
C) may clearly identify themselves as male or female and have few sexual identity problems.
D) resist having surgery that would make their genitals look normal.

Question 76

The treatment of PMDD by antidepressant drugs

A) is successful for about 80% of women.
B) confirms the existence of this controversial disorder.
C) produces more side effects in these women than in others who take antidepressants.
D) suggests that this disorder may not be separate from depression.

Question 77

The most widely held possibility for a relationship between testosterone and aggression is that testosterone causes aggression, and

A) a growing body of research has confirmed this causal relationship.
B) no other type of relationship is biologically possible.
C) research has suggested that other relationships are possible.
D) both a and b

Question 78

Research on mood and the menstrual cycle is consistent in

A) showing that women experience elevated mood during ovulation.
B) showing that women experience depressed mood immediately prior to and during menstruation.
C) failing to show any mood variations during the phases of the menstrual cycle.
D) failing to show any consistent pattern of mood variations during the menstrual cycle.

Question 79

Existence of the genetic 5-alpha reductase enzyme deficiency is more common in New Guinea and the Dominican Republic than in most other parts of the world, leading subgroups of these cultures to

A) accept the existence of such individuals and to name a third sex.
B) ostracize these individuals.
C) model their courtship behavior on these special individuals.
D) revise their marriage laws.

Question 80

The symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) include

A) a limited set of specific physical responses.
B) a lengthy list of behavioral and physical responses.
C) responses that are precursors to more serious psychiatric disorders.
D) both a and c