Deck 3: Gender Stereotypes: Masculinity and Femininity

Question 1

Activities such as cooking influence gender stereotypes because such behaviors

A) become associated with one gender or the other through different rates of performance.
B) highlight individual differences in ability and aptitude that become enculturated.
C) reveal innate aptitude differences between males and females.
D) show how the hierarchical social structure delegates certain activities to one gender and not the other.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The piety component of the Cult of True Womanhood described

A) the religious training that was necessary to overcome women's natural moral inferiority.
B) the social skills that women could gain through church work.
C) women as more religious than men and morally superior to men.
D) the advantages that women derive from becoming part of a religious order.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which component of the Cult of True Womanhood was least desirable in men?

A) piety
B) purity
C) submissiveness
D) religious education

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Current gender stereotypes

A) reflect beliefs about gender that arose during the 19th century.
B) have become more negative about women but more positive about men.
C) form the basis for gender roles.
D) reverses the normal roles for women and men.

Question 5

In the 19th century, men who had an education tended to get better employment compared to less well-educated men. The tendency towards education for men led to the

A) belief that education could benefit women, too.
B) acceptance of different standards for masculinity.
C) fear that men were becoming less masculine.
D) reorganization of social roles within marriage.

Question 6

The Male Gender Role prohibits

A) violence against women.
B) activities typically associated with women.
C) competition, except in specified circumstances.
D) religious devotion.

Question 7

What promoted the Cult of True Womanhood?

A) women's magazines
B) religious leaders
C) social leaders
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 8

Men who project an aura of aggression, violence, and daring are

A) acting against society's rules and expectations for acceptable behavior.
B) ignoring the elements of the Male Gender Role.
C) behaving in ways that are consistent with social standards of the 19th century but not the 20th century.
D) fulfilling the Give 'Em Hell component of the Male Gender Role.

Question 9

Gender stereotypes extend beyond behaviors

A) in the amount of overlap that gender stereotypes have compared to gender-related, which have little overlap.
B) on four of the five dimensions of gender stereotypes.
C) in the inclusion of attitudes and beliefs about masculinity and femininity in gender stereotypes.
D) in no way that has any practical significance.

Question 10

"Leonard is the most dependable man. You can count on him to keep his promises and do exactly as he says he will." This description makes Leonard

A) a failure in the No Sissy Stuff theme of the Male Gender Role.
B) a success in the Give 'Em Hell theme of the Male Gender Role.
C) a success in the Study Oak theme of the Male Gender Role.
D) both a and b

Question 11

The separation of labor into workers in the work force outside the home and workers in the home occurred as part of the

A) Victorian era.
B) Renaissance.
C) Dark Ages.
D) Industrial Revolution.

Question 12

The Cult of True Womanhood described women as ________ and men as ________.

A) sexual, emotional, and introverted . . . . nonsexual, controlled, and extroverted
B) independent, wise, and reserved . . . . dependent, intelligent, and outgoing
C) contradictory, caring, and responsive . . . . consistent, cold, and responsible
D) weak, dependent, and timid . . . . strong, wise, and forceful

Question 13

The Doctrine of the Two Spheres held that

A) women's and men's lives, interests, and abilities differ.
B) women and men have overlapping spheres of influence.
C) social roles for men and women are arbitrary and flexible.
D) social roles for men and women are destined to vary over time.
E) both c and d

Question 14

Gender stereotypes influence

A) conceptualizations of women and men.
B) the activities that people believe to be appropriate for men and women.
C) judgments that people make about their own behavior.
D) all of the above.

Question 15

The purity component of the Cult of True Womanhood referred to

A) sexual inexperience in young women.
B) religious devotion.
C) control of anger and other negative emotions.
D) shyness.

Question 16

______________ education was deemed appropriate for 19th century women.

A) Mathematics
B) Languages
C) Business
D) Religious

Question 17

The influence from the Cult of True Womanhood

A) declined rapidly after World War I and no longer exists.
B) reached its height between World War I and World War II.
C) lingers in today's conceptualization of femininity.
D) remained a force for socializing young women until after World War II but rapidly declined during the 1950s.

Question 18

During the 19th century, changes in society forced men into the work force outside the family and resulted in increased pressure for men to

A) be a good provider for their families.
B) be responsible for household as well as child care chores.
C) express rather than control their anger.
D) assume the role of educator and moral leader in the family.

Question 19

The domesticity component of the Cult of True Womanhood referred to the

A) domestic service that was the most common occupation of lower-class women.
B) dominant belief that women were unsuited to formal education.
C) domestic goals of being a wife and mother that provided women with personal fulfillment.
D) dormancy of the sexual impulse in women.

Question 20

The Cult of True Womanhood

A) was a set of beliefs widely accepted by men but not by women.
B) was the 19th century view of what the ideal woman should be.
C) was the basis for the movement of goddess worship that grew to prominence during the mid-20th century.
D) began as a set of principles concerning female behavior but grew to encompass the behavior of both men and women.

Question 21

The difference between prejudice and discrimination is that prejudice is ______ and discrimination is _________.

A) harmful . . . . beneficial for the out-group
B) an attitude . . . . behavioral
C) an automatic process . . . . a conscious process
D) developed early in life . . . . not developed until middle childhood

Question 22

Gender stereotypes result in people holding oversimplified and inaccurate views of men and women,

A) but these disadvantages are usually restricted to children.
B) but adults routinely make so many exceptions that gender stereotyping is not a factor in their cognitive processing.
C) which may be necessary for children but occurs in adults as well.
D) both a and b

Question 23

Psychology's early attempts to measure masculinity and femininity

A) formed a bipolar continuum, with masculinity at one end and femininity at the other.
B) were successful, yielding dozens of valid scales.
C) showed only limited success, mostly in the ability of the tests to identify homosexuals.
D) were objectively tied to measurements of a wide variety of behaviors and attitudes from both heterosexual and homosexual individuals.

Question 24

The Mf scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

A) was an innovation in the measurement of masculinity and femininity, providing norms for each gender.
B) has limited validity for men, but can be used to determine deviations from femininity in women.
C) changed the emphasis in personality inventories from the measurement of deviant sexuality to the assessment of normal variations in gender identification.
D) was designed to detect homosexual tendencies in men.

Question 25

Androgyny

A) is an alternative term for homosexuality.
B) was part of the early tests of masculinity-femininity.
C) applies to a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics.
D) reverses the polarity on traditional M-F scales.

Question 26

When people know that the behaviors of a person are those stereotypically associated with masculinity,

A) they infer that the person's traits but not physical characteristics are also masculine.
B) they infer that the person's traits and physical characteristics are also masculine.
C) they infer that the person has offsetting feminine traits.
D) they find it difficult to make deductions concerning the person.

Question 27

The history of psychology's measurement of masculinity and femininity

A) includes the development of many tests but less agreement over what constitutes masculinity and femininity.
B) has transformed the popular understanding of these concepts.
C) remains an active endeavor in psychology.
D) both b and c

Question 28

What is the difference between individuals whose scores on the Bem Sex Role Inventory for androgynous versus undifferentiated scores?

A) Androgynous scores occur when scores on the femininity scale are higher than those on the masculinity scale, whereas undifferentiated scores occur when the two scales are equal. b Androgynous scores occur when scores on masculinity and femininity scales are low, and undifferentiated scores occur when the two scales are equal.
C) Androgynous scores occur when scores on the androgyny scale is high, and undifferentiated scores occur when the score on the masculinity and femininity scales are both high.
D) Androgynous scores occur when scores on the masculinity and femininity scales are both high, and undifferentiated scores occur when scores on both scales are low.

Question 29

Sandra Bem revised the measurement of masculinity and femininity by

A) extending the continuum so that its endpoints were adequate to encompass the extremes.
B) testing both men and women and placing them along the masculinity-femininity continuum according to their behaviors rather than their attitudes.
C) proposing that the unidimensional conceptualization of masculinity-femininity should become the standard.
D) proposing the concept of androgyny.

Question 30

A multitude of masculinities may exist

A) because each society constructs at least one version of masculinity.
B) through gender role confusion on the part of men.
C) through gender role pressure on men from women.
D) because each man has many facets to his own personal masculinity.

Question 31

Several early tests of masculinity-femininity, including the MMPI,

A) failed to make a distinction between masculinity-femininity and sexual orientation.
B) failed to extend the continuum, resulting in an abbreviated range for the scores.
C) succeeded in distinguishing between masculine and feminine men, but had only limited success in distinguishing between heterosexual and homosexual men.
D) were not accepted by psychologists, despite extensive validation.

Question 32

Some researchers prefer the term _______ to femininity and find _________ a more preferable term than masculinity.

A) dependent . . . . independent
B) inferior . . . . superior
C) expressiveness . . . . instrumentality
D) reserved . . . . outgoing

Question 33

When people form cognitive categories for male and female, they tend to think

A) of these categories as examples rather than prescriptions for behavior.
B) that these categories are flexible rather than rigid.
C) that one category is the norm and the other the exception.
D) that their own gender is the exception and the other is the norm.

Question 34

On the Bem Sex Role Inventory, an individual is classified as androgynous when he or she

A) is low in both masculinity and femininity.
B) is high in both masculinity and femininity.
C) is undifferentiated in gender role.
D) shows either high or low masculinity combined with high femininity.

Question 35

According to those who interpret stereotyping as a useful cognitive process,

A) it has the advantage of simplifying the processing of gender-related information.
B) it makes gender a more manageable concept for children.
C) it has more disadvantages than advantages.
D) both a and b
E) all of the above

Question 36

Which of the following is not a component of gender stereotypes?

A) traits
B) behaviors
C) physical characteristics
D) occupations
E) All of the above are components.

Question 37

Hegemonic masculinity

A) is identical to Sex Role Strain.
B) highlights the positive aspects of femininity as well as masculinity.
C) represents the one sanctioned version of masculinity to which all men should adhere.
D) can be seen in personal interactions between men and women but not in social or political interactions.

Question 38

Men who manage to follow all the components of the Male Gender Role

A) are successful and well-adjusted.
B) may be successful but neither happy nor well-adjusted.
C) may be well-adjusted but are rarely successful.
D) are rarely either successful or well-adjusted.

Question 39

The validation of the Mf scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

A) included a representative sample of U.S. residents.
B) included mostly college students, yielding an unrepresentative sample.
C) included two levels of sampling, one with over 2,000 men and the second with over 1,000 women.
D) included no women.

Question 40

Research on the structure of gender stereotypes indicates that

A) stereotypes rarely include correct information about women and men.
B) underestimations of gender-related differences were the most common type of error among college students.
C) overestimations of gender-related differences were the most common type of error among the general public.
D) the distortions inherent in stereotyping produce more disadvantages than advantages.

Question 41

When people believe that relationships exist between gender and certain behaviors but no such relationships exist, they are exhibiting

A) gender identification.
B) gender contextualization.
C) contextual marking.
D) illusory correlation.

Question 42

By comparing administrations of the Attitudes Toward Women Scale from the 1970s to the 1990s, researchers found that

A) few changes had taken place.
B) college students' attitudes had changed, but the general population showed few changes.
C) students were more biased in the 1970s and most egalitarian in the 1990s.
D) gender stereotyping has actually increased from the 1970s to the 1990s.

Question 43

When people evaluate a woman who has an occupation that is not typical of women, such as construction worker, they tend to believe that she

A) deviates from women only in this way.
B) is gender atypical in other ways, too.
C) compensates for this gender atypical occupation by being more feminine in other behaviors.
D) has a confused sexual identity.

Question 44

Research by Deaux and Lewis found which of the following to be the most influential in differentiating women and men?

A) traits
B) behaviors
C) physical appearance
D) occupations

Question 45

Deaux and Lewis examined conceptualization of masculinity and femininity and found that

A) both men and women understood masculinity and femininity as occupying opposite ends of a continuum.
B) both men and women conceptualized masculinity and femininity as overlapping categories.
C) men conceptualize masculinity and femininity as distinct categories, but women envision a continuum.
D) women understand masculinity and femininity as distinct categories, but men have no clear conceptualization of gender.

Question 46

When people see an inaccurate portrayal of a group on a television commercial,

A) this presentation has very little influence on viewers because people do not attend to commercials.
B) this presentation has very little influence on viewers because people recognize that television is not real.
C) this presentation can perpetuate stereotyping because it influences how people think of the group.
D) both a and b

Question 47

In television advertising, what group is most often represented as authoritative sources?

A) groups with mixed ethnicity
B) middle-aged White women
C) White men
D) African Americans in their 60s

Question 48

In what way is gender stereotyping similar to the development of other gender knowledge?

A) Men are subject to harsher stereotyping than women.
B) Girls stereotype less strongly than boys.
C) Younger children stereotype less than older children
D) All of the above

Question 49

For children, stereotypes _________ and for adults, __________.

A) are not important in their cognitive processing . . . . stereotyping becomes the dominant process for dealing with complex information
B) are too complex and are thus not important . . . . the convenience of stereotyping is a factor in their heavy use
C) are the main reason their cognitive processing errors occur . . . . stereotyping produces more accurate judgments than other types of cognitive processing
D) may provide necessary simplification of cognitive processing . . . . stereotyping is not necessary cognitively but still persists

Question 50

Between ages 6 and 10, children change from

A) making gender stereotypical judgment to accepting gender role flexibility.
B) being unable to correctly label the genders to showing no confusion in gender labeling.
C) being able to correctly label the gender to showing confusion in gender labeling.
D) making gender stereotypical judgments selectively to making gender stereotypical judgments of both genders.

Question 51

Which of the following best describes patterns of stereotyping?

A) Men stereotype more than women, and women are the targets of the most severe stereotyping.
B) Men stereotype more than women, and men are the targets of the most severe stereotyping.
C) Women stereotype more than men, and women are the targets of the most severe stereotyping.
D) Women stereotype more than men, and men are the targets of the most severe stereotyping.

Question 52

Illusory correlation is

A) the illusion that family relationships will be harmonious at some time in the future.
B) a cognitive process that allows people to believe that relationships exist when they do not.
C) similar to stereotyping but less harmful.
D) a learned set of behaviors that relate to cognitive development during middle childhood.

Question 53

In television advertising in the United States, the portrayals of African Americans

A) are similar in frequency to the portrayals of Hispanic Americans but less than Asian Americans.
B) are overrepresented when compared to the percentage of African Americans in the population-almost 60% of advertising features at least one African American character.
C) are represented in a proportion comparable to the population for adults, but few African American children appear in television advertising.
D) tend to depict African American men as aggressive and to omit African American women.

Question 54

Researchers who asked children about toy preferences for themselves and other children found that children between ages 4 and 6 years old

A) tended to gender stereotype the toy preferences of other children who were similar to themselves.
B) tended to gender stereotype the toy preferences of children who were different from themselves.
C) tended to gender stereotype the toy preferences for younger but not for older children.
D) were too young to have the gender knowledge to form gender stereotypes.

Question 55

In order for people to form gender stereotypes,

A) the categories must be distinctively different from each other in behavioral as well as biological ways.
B) they must overlook individual variation and concentrate on similarities of people within stereotype categories.
C) alternative representations of the categories must be cognitively available.
D) they must seek accurate information about the members of the category.

Question 56

In analyzing the portrayals of authority in television advertising, which group is the least represented?

A) African American men
B) White men
C) Hispanics
D) White women

Question 57

College students in the 1960s __________, and college students in the 1990s ___________.

A) included more flexibility in their gender stereotypes than students in the 1980s . . . . showed similar stereotypes as those in the 1960s
B) had abandoned the stereotypes that were prominent in the 1950s . . . . reverted to stereotypes prominent in the 1950s
C) held strong gender stereotypes for both men and women . . . . had abandoned some of the stereotypes prominent in previous decades
D) held strong gender stereotypes . . . . had difficulty classifying traits as masculine or feminine

Question 58

Flexibility in the application of gender stereotypes

A) is common during early adolescence but becomes less common in late adolescence.
B) increases after a peak of inflexibility between ages 5 and 7.
C) shows an increase during middle childhood but decreases throughout adolescence.
D) is possible but never becomes common, even in mature adults.

Question 59

The first step in the formation of gender stereotypes is

A) developing knowledge of genitals.
B) developing the ability to label the genders.
C) learning the terminology for classification and seriation.
D) all of the above

Question 60

When comparing men and women as the targets of gender stereotyping,

A) women receive move negative ratings overall.
B) men may be the targets of more stringent gender stereotyping than women.
C) few changes have occurred in stereotyping over the past 30 years, despite the societal changes in gendered behavior.
D) women are still the targets of a moderate amount of gender stereotyping, but men are no longer subject to gender stereotyping.

Question 61

Stereotype threat occurs when

A) negative stereotypes apply to women and minorities.
B) people believe that their performance will reveal that they confirm their group's negative stereotype.
C) people cannot distinguish between overextension and underextension of stereotypes.
D) people feel vulnerable to discrimination.

Question 62

Measurements of implicit attitudes indicate that gender bias

A) has decreased more drastically than explicit measures indicate.
B) has decreased when describing women but increased when describing men.
C) has decreased among women but not men.
D) is stronger than explicit measures indicate.
E) both b and c

Question 63

In cross-cultural assessments of hostile and benevolent sexism,

A) the two dimensions were positively correlated.
B) the two dimensions were unrelated.
C) the two dimensions were negatively correlated.
D) the researchers were able to obtain a meaningful assessment of hostile sexism but not benevolent sexism in other cultures.

Question 64

The concept of hostile sexism

A) is similar to other notions of sexism, which include negative feelings about women.
B) includes not only hostility toward women but also in-group effects for women.
C) emphasizes women's negative femininity.
D) emphasizes women's discriminatory behavior.
E) both c and d

Question 65

When women and ethnic minorities believe that their performance reflects their basic ability,

A) they performance may be better or worse than in normal circumstances, depending on their basic ability.
B) they perform better than when they believe that they are taking an ordinary test.
C) they perform worse than when they believe that they are taking an ordinary test.
D) they often fail to complete the test due to emotional outbursts.

Question 66

People who hold stereotyped attitudes about women and men

A) tend to be egalitarian in terms of sharing household chores.
B) tend to be egalitarian in terms of occupational choices.
C) apply inflexible gender rules to everyone.
D) may make exceptions to their stereotypes for themselves.

Question 67

In studying gender stereotypes across cultures, researchers have found that gender-related behaviors

A) are almost infinitely variable.
B) show some variation from culture to culture but also show many similarities.
C) show almost no variation from culture to culture.
D) are based almost entirely on the biological differences between the sexes.

Question 68

When people fill out surveys about their attitudes toward women, they convey their _________ attitudes, which may differ from their underlying, unconscious attitudes that are ________.

A) overt . . . . explicit
B) covert . . . . implicit
C) explicit . . . . implicit
D) concurrent . . . . explicit

Question 69

The _________ is a computer-administered reaction time task that measures people's underlying and often unconscious attitudes.

A) Implicit Associations Test
B) Attitudes Toward Women Scale
C) Bem Sex Role Inventory
D) Remote Stereotyping Inventory

Question 70

What is unavoidable in stereotyping?

A) prejudice
B) forming categories that are largely inaccurate
C) ignoring individual differences
D) all of the above

Question 71

The statement "women need a man to take care of them" is consistent with the concept of

A) hostile sexism.
B) reverse sexism.
C) benevolent sexism.
D) harassment sexism.

Question 72

The effects of stereotype threat for women and math can be nullified by

A) women taking more math courses.
B) women developing a full understanding of the nature of the stereotype.
C) the suggestion that women and men do equally well on this test.
D) none of the above-stereotype threat is very difficult to overcome.

Question 73

The concept of benevolent sexism

A) includes negative attitudes that men hold toward women.
B) includes positive attitudes that belittle women and keep them subservient.
C) applies to college women in the United States but not to other groups of women.
D) has very little research support.

Question 74

The notion that prejudice has both benevolent as well as hostile components

A) does not fit together logically.
B) applies to sexism but not to other forms of prejudice.
C) has been confirmed for college students but not for other age groups.
D) may serve to rationalize racism as well as sexism.

Question 75

Prejudice against women fails to match the typical model of prejudice in

A) negative evaluations given to women.
B) positive evaluations given to men.
C) positive evaluations given to women.
D) the failure to act on the prejudice by treating women unfairly.

Question 76

The Japanese concept of masculinity

A) is an exaggerated version of the U.S. version of masculinity concerning assertiveness and independence.
B) is not significantly different from the Japanese concept of femininity.
C) does not include assertiveness, independence, or self-reliance.
D) directs men to detach themselves from their families to pursue success.

Question 77

The male gender role model proposes that men are characterized by dominance, but this model arose in Western culture. When examined across cultures,

A) dominance appears as a masculine characteristic in some but not in the majority of cultures.
B) dominance is often paired with superstition in nonwestern cultures.
C) dominance is associated with masculinity only in western cultures.
D) dominance is associated with masculinity in cultures around the world.

Question 78

White men can experience stereotype threat regarding their math ability by

A) taking a very difficult test.
B) being reminded that Asians are superior in math.
C) being reminded that men make higher scores on the SAT math section than women do.
D) taking the math test in a mixed group of men and women.
E) both c and d