Deck 14: Fungi

Question 1

Which of the following statements about fungal nutrition is FALSE?

A) Fungi are able to engulf small microorganisms.
B) All fungi are heterotrophic.
C) Yeasts are able to obtain their energy from fermentation.
D) Rhizoids are hyphae specialized for anchorage.
E) Haustoria are hyphae specialized for absorbing nutrients directly from the cells of other organisms.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When two haploid nuclei do not fuse, the result is a:

A) gametangium.
B) sporangium.
C) conidiogenous cell.
D) dikaryon.
E) gamete.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following statements about nuclear division in fungi is FALSE?

A) In many species, the nuclear envelope does not disintegrate.
B) Except for the chytrids, all fungi have centrioles.
C) In most fungi, the spindle forms within the nuclear envelope.
D) In some fungi, spindle pole bodies function as microtubule organizing centers.
E) In some fungi, the spindle moves into the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A fungus that is important in baking, brewing, and winemaking is:

A) Pneumocystis carinii.
B) Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
C) Candida.
D) Tolypocladium inflatum.
E) Cladosporium herbarum.

Question 5

Allomyces is a type of:

A) ascomycete.
B) basidiomycete.
C) chytrid..
D) zygomycete.
E) glomeromycete.

Question 6

All members of the _______form mycorrhizae and do not reproduce sexually

A) ascomycetes
B) basidiomycetes
C) chytrids
D) zygomycetes
E) glomeromycetes

Question 7

The cell walls of fungi are composed of:

A) cellulose.
B) glycogen.
C) hemicellulose
D) chitin.
E) pectin.

Question 8

Hyphae are types of fungal:

A) spores.
B) zygotes.
C) storage products.
D) filaments.
E) cell wall components.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE?

A) They are heterotrophic organisms.
B) Most are multicellular.
C) They are more closely related to plants than to animals.
D) The largest living organism may be a fungus.
E) Only the insects have a greater number of species.

Question 10

In the ascomycete life cycle, meiosis takes place within a(n):

A) sporangium.
B) ascus.
C) conidium.
D) conidiophore.
E) antheridium.

Question 11

Fungi that cause powdery mildews, chestnut blight, and Dutch elm disease are classified as:

A) ascomycetes.
B) basidiomycetes.
C) chytrids.
D) zygomycetes.
E) glomeromycetes.

Question 12

______ are probably the earliest fungal lineage.

A) Ascomycetes
B) Chytrids
C) Basidiomycetes
D) Zygomycetes
E) Deuteromycetes

Question 13

The first eukaryote to have its genome completely sequenced is:

A) Pneumocystis carinii.
B) Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
C) Candida.
D) Tolypocladium inflatum.
E) Cladosporium herbarum.

Question 14

In an ascomycete, the female gametangium is the:

A) antheridium.
B) sperm.
C) ascogonium.
D) ascus.
E) trichogyne.

Question 15

In the life cycle of Rhizopus stolonifer, asexual spores are produced within a:

A) zygosporangium.
B) stolon.
C) rhizoid.
D) sporangium.
E) sporangiophore.

Question 16

Which of the following statements concerning the evolution of fungi is FALSE?

A) They are more closely related to animals than to plants.
B) They are part of the Opisthokonta supergroup.
C) They arose from a protist related to Nuclearia.
D) The flagellated condition is a relatively recent character.
E) There are relatively few fossil fungi.

Question 17

Karyogamy is the:

A) fusion of protoplasts.
B) formation of a dikaryon.
C) fusion of nuclei.
D) formation of rhizoids.
E) absorption of nutrients.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about chytrids is FALSE?

A) They are primarily terrestrial.
B) They have cell walls of chitin.
C) Some are unicellular.
D) Most are coenocytic.
E) Most have a single, posterior, whiplash flagellum.

Question 19

Heterothallic species of zygomycetes require ______ for sexual reproduction.

A) two + strains
B) two − strains
C) + and − strains
D) two homothallic strains
E) flagellated male and female gametes

Question 20

_____ are characterized by the presence of a polar tube that shoots out and penetrates the host cell.

A) Zygomycetes
B) Basidiomycetes
C) Microsporidia
D) Ascomycetes
E) Chytrids

Question 21

In the life cycle of Puccinia graminis, dikaryotic hyphae extend downward from the spermogonium and give rise to:

A) spermogonia.
B) spermatia.
C) aecia.
D) uredinia.
E) urediniospores.

Question 22

The edible mushrooms belong to the subphylum:

A) Hymenomycetes.
B) Pucciniomycotina.
C) Ustilaginomycotina.
D) Agaricomycotina.
E) Gasteromycetes.

Question 23

In the Basidiomycota, ______ are borne on a ______.

A) basidiospores; primary mycelium
B) basidiospores; parenthosome
C) dolipores; basidium
D) basidiospores; basidium
E) basidia; basidiospore

Question 24

A ______ is a representative of the hymenomycetes.

A) stinkhorn
B) puffball
C) rust
D) smut
E) mushroom

Question 25

In ascomycetes, plasmogamy occurs within the:

A) antheridium.
B) crozier.
C) ascogonium.
D) ascogenous hypha.
E) trichogyne.

Question 26

In the life cycle of Puccinia graminis, which of the following are produced on wheat?

A) spermogonia
B) aecia
C) spermatia
D) periphyses
E) urediniospores

Question 27

______ is one of the many mushrooms cultivated commercially.

A) Agaricus bisporus
B) Aaspergillus flavus
C) Amanita muscaria
D) Puccinia graminis
E) Ustilago maydis

Question 28

Members of the phylum Basidiomycota that have a peridium belong to the class:

A) Hymenomycetes.
B) Teliomycetes.
C) Ustomycetes.
D) Gasteromycetes.
E) Chytridiomycetes.

Question 29

The smuts belong to the subphylum:

A) Hymenomycetes.
B) Pucciniomycotina.
C) Ustilaginomycotina.
D) Gasteromycetes.
E) Agaricomycotina.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about lichens is FALSE?

A) They consist of a mycobiont and a photobiont.
B) They live in the harshest environments.
C) They are very resistant to pollutants.
D) They reproduce asexually by forming fragments, soredia, or isidia.
E) They have very slow growth rates.

Question 31

In the mushroom life cycle, karyogamy occurs in a:

A) stipe.
B) volva.
C) sterigma.
D) basidium.
E) basidiospore.

Question 32

Heterokaryosis is the presence of ______ in a common cytoplasm.

A) more than one nucleus
B) genetically different nuclei
C) a haploid and a diploid nucleus
D) two haploid nuclei
E) two diploid nuclei

Question 33

Penicillin and aflatoxin are both produced by members of the:

A) asexual fungi.
B) microsporidia.
C) chytrids.
D) rusts.
E) glomeromycetes

Question 34

Which of the following statements about the Deuteromycetes is FALSE?

A) In some, the sexual phase of the life cycle has been lost.
B) In some, the sexual phase of the life cycle has not been discovered.
C) Some have a sexual phase, but it is not the principal basis of classification.
D) Some have a sexual phase, but the organism is classified because of its resemblance to an organism that lacks a sexual phase.
E) Most Deuteromycetes are clearly basidiomycetes.

Question 35

In the Ustilago maydis life cycle, plasmogamy and karyogamy take place in:

A) basidia.
B) teliospores.
C) sporidia.
D) spermogonia.
E) aecia.

Question 36

In yeasts, meiosis occurs within the:

A) antheridium.
B) crozier.
C) bud.
D) basidium.
E) ascus.

Question 37

Which of the following statements about the mycelium of the Basidiomycota is FALSE?

A) The primary mycelium is monokaryotic.
B) The secondary mycelium is dikaryotic.
C) The tertiary mycelium is dikaryotic.
D) Clamp connections are characteristic of the monokaryotic mycelium.
E) The basidioma is a mycelium composed of dikaryotic hyphae.

Question 38

The pileus is the ______ of a mushroom.

A) stalk
B) cap
C) gill
D) sterigma
E) hymenium

Question 39

The rusts belong to the subphylum:

A) Hymenomycetes.
B) Pucciniomycotina.
C) Ustilaginomycotina.
D) Gasteromycetes.
E) Agaricomycotina.

Question 40

"Fruticose" describes a lichen with a ______ appearance.

A) flattened
B) greenish-yellow
C) crusty
D) leaflike
E) bushy

Question 41

Cells of the microsporidia contain only a remnant of the mitochondria.

Question 42

Most chytrids are terrestrial.

Question 43

All fungi are composed of hyphae.

Question 44

Saccharomyces cerevisiae has both haploid and diploid budding stages.

Question 45

In heterokaryosis, genetically different nuclei exist together in the same cytoplasm.

Question 46

Isedia and soredia are types of:

A) sexual reproductive structures.
B) gametes.
C) dispersal units.
D) lichen acids.
E) mycobionts.

Question 47

In fungi, budding is a type of asexual reproduction.

Question 48

The survival of lichens under severe environmental conditions is due mainly to their ability to:

A) produce toxic compounds for their defense.
B) dry out rapidly.
C) carry out photosynthesis under very high light intensities.
D) carry out respiration at very low temperatures.
E) parasitize plants.

Question 49

Fungi and bacteria are the principal decomposers of the biosphere.

Question 50

The phylum Microsporidia consists of aquatic, free-living fungi.

Question 51

Black stem rust of cereals belongs to the subphylum Pucciniomycotina.

Question 52

Glycogen is the primary storage polysaccharide in fungi.

Question 53

Ectomycorrhizae differ from endomycorrhizae in that the fungal component of ectomycorrhizae:

A) is usually a zygomycete.
B) forms arbuscules and vesicles.
C) is not highly specific for the plant component.
D) penetrates the cortical cells of the root.
E) forms a Hartig net and mantle.

Question 54

Clamp connections are found only in members of the Phylum Basidiomycota.

Question 55

At maturity, basidiospores are discharged forcibly from the basidium.

Question 56

Fungi that are dimorphic exhibit both unicellular and filamentous growth forms.

Question 57

During cell division in fungi, the nuclear envelope disintegrates and then re-forms.

Question 58

A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between a(n) ______ and a ______.

A) alga; fungus
B) fungus; root
C) lichen; root
D) alga; root
E) fungus; lichen

Question 59

Glomeromycetes are also called arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

Question 60

Mycologists consider mushrooms to be edible and toadstools to be poisonous.

Question 61

Isidia are powdery propagules produced by lichens.

Question 62

Smuts are heteroecious.

Question 63

Today, lichen symbiosis is considered to be parasitic.

Question 64

The three major recognized growth forms of lichens are flat, spherical, and leafy.

Question 65

In the rust Puccinia graminis, meiosis occurs in a teliospore.

Question 66

Ectomycorrhizae are much more common in nature than endomycorrhizae.

Question 67

Ustilago maydis is a basidiomycete that causes corn smut.