Deck 6: Culture and Gender

Question 1

Which one of the following statements are NOT true in terms of sex and gender across cultures?

A)Men and women coexist in all societies
B)Sex generally refers to the psychological differences between men and women
C)The term sex roles is used to describe the behaviors and patterns of activities men and women may engage in which are directly related to their biological differences and the process of reproduction
D)The term sexual identity is used to describe the degree of awareness of sex and sex roles an individual may have

Answer 1

Sex generally refers to the psychological differences between men and women

Question 2

Universality in gender-related stereotypes across cultures does not imply that all people of all cultures harbor those stereotypes to the same degree,or that they translate to exactly the same type of gender differences across cultures.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Which one of the following statements is true in terms of culture,gender roles,and stereotypes?

A)According to the text book,the existence of sex and gender roles is universal to all cultures
B)All cultures must foster one certain gender distinction,different cultures foster different genders
C)The traditional gender-role of males is that males should be dependent and emotional.
D)None of the above

Answer 3

According to the text book,the existence of sex and gender roles is universal to all cultures

Question 4

Which of the following refers to the behaviors or patterns of activities that a society or culture deems appropriate for men and women?

A)Gender
B)Sex
C)Self-identity
D)Personality

Question 5

This concept is related to Mexican American gender role differentiation that is characterized by many traditional expectations of the male gender role,such as being unemotional,strong,authoritative,aggressive,and masculine.

A)Gender
B)Sexual identity
C)Authority
D)Machismo

Question 6

Harris (1996)administered the ________,a scale that is widely used to measure gender identity,to African American and European American males and females.

A)Display rules
B)Ambiguous figures
C)Personal orientation inventory
D)Bem Sex Role Inventory

Question 7

________ means that the psychological or behavioral characteristics typically associated with men and women.

Question 8

According to the study by Berry (1966),____________ did not exist because "spatial abilities are highly adaptive for both males and females in Inuit society,and both boys and girls have ample training and experience that promote the acquisition of spatial ability.Fill in the blank.

A)Individual differences
B)Self-reliance
C)Ideal self
D)Gender differences

Question 9

According to Archer _________ posits that sex differences in social behavior result from the division of labor between women and men regarding being a homemaker or a worker outside the home.Fill in the blank.

A)Big five personality traits
B)Social role theory
C)Feminist theory
D)None of the above

Question 10

______ around the world are/is rather stable and are/is related to interesting and important psychological characteristics.Men are generally viewed as active,strong,critical,and mature,with psychological needs such as dominance,autonomy,aggression,exhibition,achievement,and endurance.Fill in the blank.

A)Gender stereotypes
B)Gender differences
C)Self-identity
D)Gender identity

Question 11

According to the study by Segall et al.(1990),male aggression may be a compensatory mechanism to offset the conflict produced by a young male's identification with a female care provider and his initiation into adulthood as a male.

Question 12

What is the finding by Harris (1996)in terms of gender roles?

A)African American and European American (did you mean to keep this one?)males and females were more androgynous than European American males and females
B)African American males and females have an unequal propensity to endorse typically masculine traits,whereas European American males regard more masculine traits as self-descriptive than European American females do.
C)Adolescent girls who adopt an androgynous identity have lower levels of self-acceptance than either feminine or masculine girls
D)None of the above

Question 13

According to the finding by Lau (1989),a masculine,not androgynous,identity is associated with the highest level of self-acceptance.

Question 14

One of the most common gender-role stereotypes is that females are more ______ and ______ than males.This stereotype is no doubt related to the traditional gender roles females and males have occupied,with males traditionally being "head of the household," and making primary decisions on big-ticket items that involve the family.Fill in the blanks respectively.

A)Conforming,obedient
B)Conforming,aggressive
C)non-conforming,obedient
D)non-conforming,aggressive

Question 15

Which of the following refers to a gender identity that involves endorsement of both male and female characteristics?

A)Androgyny
B)Machismo
C)Homosexuality
D)Homophobia

Question 16

What does the following statement explain? Males are aggressive and unemotional (with the exception of anger)and they should leave the home every day to make a living and be the principal wage earner.
Women are nurturing,caring and highly emotional and they should stay at home and take care of the home and children.

A)Sex role
B)Traditional sex role
C)Gender identity
D)Traditional gender roles

Question 17

Which one is not a factor of a five-factor model of personality?

A)Neuroticism
B)Extroversion
C)Agreeableness
D)Introversion

Question 18

Which one of the following factors is not related to gender on a variety of psychological and behavioral outcomes?

A)Culture
B)Biology
C)Gender roles
D)All of the above are correct

Question 19

Who identifies key differences between masculine and feminine cultures in terms of sexuality?

A)Hofstede (2001)
B)Silva et al.(1992)
C)Gibbons et al.(1991)
D)Matsumoto et al.(1997)

Question 20

Which of the following is incorrect about FGM?

A)It means Female genital mutilation
B)It is still practiced in some African,Middle Eastern,Asian,South American,and Pacific cultures
C)It has traditional ties with attitudes concerning virtuousness,chastity,and honor for women
D)It is not considered a way to promote marital fidelity,control women's sex drives and even to enhance fertility among women

Question 21

Zubeidat and Vera-Villarroel (2006)and other researchers found that gender differences in ______ appear to be universal.

A)Jealousy
B)Anger
C)Aggressiveness
D)Contempt

Question 22

Culture may foster considerable differences between the sexes,their cultural practices related to reproduction,and psychological characteristics associated with sex roles.

Question 23

According to a(n)___________,males look for younger,chaste mates to bear offspring,while females look for mates that can provide for offspring in the long term.

A)Social learning theory
B)Terror management theory
C)Evolutionary model
D)Base-relational theory

Question 24

Which one is not a required factor for survival? As different societies live in different environments,survival requires that people balance a number of factors,including ________,____________,and ______________.

A)Natural resources
B)Affluence
C)Population density
D)None of the above

Question 25

According to the study by Berry et al.(1992),____________ was found in cultures that were loose,nomadic,and based on hunting and gathering

A)Male superiority
B)Female superiority
C)Hierarchical social structure
D)Collectivistic culture

Question 26

__________ refers to the formation of an emotional bond with other people.

A)Sexual infidelity
B)Social infidelity
C)Emotional infidelity
D)Behavioral infidelity

Question 27

_____________ includes "his awareness that he has the potential to impregnate women and knows the necessary behaviors.________ includes the woman's awareness of her reproductive potential and her knowledge about behaviors that lead to pregnancy" Fill in the blanks respectively.

A)Male identity,female identity
B)Male social role,female social role
C)Male sexual identity,female sexual identity
D)Male sex role,female sex role

Question 28

In ________,women assume primary responsibility for the welfare of the children and extended family members.But males of the ____________ often take responsibility for children when they are with their families (Glover,2001).Fill in the blanks respectively.

A)Patriarchal tribes,Mescalero Apache tribe
B)Patriarchal tribes,Patriarchal tribe
C)Native American,Mexican American (grammatically,it cannot be this answer,it cannot be used after 'in' or 'the')
D)None of the above

Question 29

Which of the following tend(s)to be less traditional,emphasize the importance of religion in life less,and focus on fellow humans

A)Feminine cultures
B)Masculine cultures
C)Western cultures
D)Eastern cultures

Question 30

A newborn has sex but no gender because gender is a construct that develops in children as they are socialized in their environments.

Question 31

McCrae and Costa (1999)found five personality traits which describe most human dispositions for behavior.

Question 32

What is the source of gender-role socialization?

A)Expectation from parents
B)Modeling of gender roles by peers
C)Imaging of males and females in the media
D)All of the above

Question 33

Which of the following occurs when a partner has sex or engages in sex-related behaviors with others.

A)Sexual infidelity
B)Gender infidelity
C)Emotional infidelity
D)Social infidelity

Question 34

Regarding psychological gender differences,which one of the following statements is incorrect?

A)Psychological gender differences across cultures are not simply products of biology and culture
B)Psychological gender differences are important reinforcers of culture,feeding back into the culture behaviors,gender roles,and gender-role ideologies
C)The psychological products of gender differentiation become a crucial aspect of the culture-behavior-psychology linkage that exists among a people and their rituals,traditions,and behaviors
D)All of the above

Question 35

Which one of the following statements about the study by Williams and Best (1982)is not true?

A)People in 30 countries,52 to 120 respondents per country,for a total of almost 3,000 individuals participated in their study
B)The study used a questionnaire known as the Adjective Check List (ACL)
C)The ACL is a list of 300 adjectives
D)The results of the study indicated the cultural differences in characteristics as describing males or females

Question 36

Which one of the following statements is incorrect in terms of a five-factor model of personality?

A)Women universally reported higher scores on neuroticism,agreeableness,warmth,and openness to feelings,while men scored higher on assertiveness and openness to ideas
B)The differences between men and women in a five-factor model of personality were the largest in Europe and the United States
C)The study examining gender differences in personality traits was conducted in 26 cultures
D)None of the above

Question 37

The study about gender-role ideologies by Gibbons and her colleagues found that the most important quality in Spain,Guatemala,and Sri Lanka for both boys and girls was being "kind and honest,",a characteristic that was not __________.

A)Gender-role ideology
B)Cultural specific
C)Gender-specific
D)None of the above

Question 38

According to Berry et al.,and her colleagues,aggressiveness is viewed as "gender marking" behavior.They suggested that male aggression may be a __________ mechanism to offset the conflict produced by a young male's identification with a female care provider and his initiation into adulthood as a male.Fill in the blank.

A)Compensatory
B)Aggression
C)Passiveness
D)Openness

Question 39

Who found that gender stereotyping increases with age,and children are more likely to sex-type same-sex figures.

A)Albert and Porter (1986)
B)Fejes (1992)
C)Trommsdorff and Iwawaki (1989)
D)Matsumoto (1997)

Question 40

Which one of the following statements is NOT true in terms of the relationship between sex and gender across cultures?

A)There are many similarities between men and women both physically and psychologically; there are differences as well
B)Sex differences include the fact that men are generally physically bigger and stronger than women,and that only women can carry a child,give birth,and breast-feed
C)Biological differences between men and women are probably the platform by which decisions concerning a division of labor were made in our evolutionary history
D)Only some societies make decisions about what only men can do and what only women can do

Question 41

Many of the cultural changes that are brought on by _________ give rise to tensions between tradition and progress,conservatism and liberalism.

A)Education
B)Hobbies
C)Economics
D)Personality

Question 42

Sandra Bem (1981),a prominent theorist on gender,argues that gender is one of the fundamental ways we organize information and understand experiences about the world.

Question 43

According to Matsumoto (2002),what brought a major change in the Japanese culture?

A)World War II
B)Korean war
C)World War I
D)Iraq war

Question 44

Which of the following attitudes toward men were related to the degree of gender inequality in a country; that is,the more people saw men as both hostile and benevolent,the greater the degree of gender inequality in the country.

A)Neutral
B)Aggressive
C)Ambivalent
D)Conservative

Question 45

To examine gender differences in overall intelligence,Born et al.(1987)used ___________ between men and women.Fill in the blank.

A)Cognitive test scores
B)DRAI scores
C)Math test scores
D)SAT scores

Question 46

Only some cultures encourage particular behavioral differences between the genders and help to define the roles,duties,and responsibilities appropriate for males and females.

Question 47

What is a characteristic of the traditional,conservative cultures?

A)Many traditional,conservative cultures of the world view chastity as a virtue among unmarried women
B)People in traditional cultures view women as having to work outside
C)People in traditional cultures believe men should cooperate with housework
D)People in traditional cultures view women and men as equal

Question 48

Many women in many cultures want to marry early,stay home,and take care of the family; many men want to adopt the traditional male roles as well.These tendencies are alive in many different people within the most _____ cultures and societies,including the United States.Fill in the blank.

A)Conservative
B)Egalitarian
C)Liberal
D)Political

Question 49

Sexual identity means the degree of awareness and recognition by an individual of his or her ____ and ______.Fill in the blanks respectively.

A)Sex and sex roles
B)Gender and gender roles
C)Sex and gender
D)Self-identity,gender identity

Question 50

According to Matsumoto (2002),culture is not a static entity; it is dynamic and ever changing.