Deck 10: Culture and Personality

Question 1

Which one of the following examples is not one of the five dimensions of FFM (The Five-Factor Model)?

A)Openness
B)Unconsciousness
C)Extroversion
D)Agreeableness

Answer 1

Unconsciousness

Question 2

In contrast to the cultural and psychological anthropological approach,the cross-cultural approach tends to see personality as an _____ or _______ phenomenon that is equivalently relevant and meaningful in the cultures being compared.

A)Etic,universal
B)Emic,cultural
C)Emic,universal
D)Etic,cognitive

Answer 2

Etic,universal

Question 3

What is 'national character'?

A)It is a characteristic or quality distinguishing a person
B)It is the process of decision-making,which involves circulating a proposal among all people who will be affected by their cultures.
C)It is a dynamic system of rules involving attitudes,values,beliefs,norms,and behaviors that are shared among members of an organization
D)It is a perception that each culture has a model personality type,and that most individuals within that culture share aspects of it

Answer 3

It is a perception that each culture has a model personality type,and that most individuals within that culture share aspects of it

Question 4

Which one is not a subtrait of openness?

A)Fantasy
B)Aesthetics
C)Warmth
D)Ideas

Question 5

Based on Maslow and Rogers' perspective,what does personality consist of?

A)Personality is constituted on the basis of the degree of unconditional positive regard people have experienced,and whether their environment's has allowed them to achieve self-actualization
B)Personality consists of five factors.
C)Personality consists of defense mechanisms.
D)None of the above

Question 6

Which researcher did not develop ideas and theories on culture and personality that served as the basis for cross cultural comparison of personalities and today's cultural psychology?

A)Margaret Mead
B)Edward Sapir
C)Weston Labarre
D)Paul Ekman

Question 7

What kind of approach views personality as discrete and separate from culture,and is a dependent variable in research?

A)Anthropological
B)Cross-cultural approach
C)Universal approach
D)None of the above

Question 8

Personality is believed to be relatively stable across time and consistent across ______,______ and ______.Which one is not appropriate in the statement?

A)Contexts
B)Situations
C)Interactions
D)Conflicts

Question 9

Which of the following examples is not a measurement that Paunounen and Ashton (1998)reviewed for their study data?

A)The California Psychological Inventory
B)The Comrey Personality Scales
C)The 16 Personality Factors Questionnaire
D)The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)

Question 10

Compliance,modesty,and tender-mindedness are subtraits of _________ .

A)Agreeableness
B)Consciousness
C)Neuroticism
D)Openness

Question 11

The __________ view of personality attributes more importance to the learning of psychological mechanisms and personality through cultural practices,than to biological and evolutionary factors.

A)Evolutionary
B)Cultural specific
C)Anthropological
D)None of the above

Question 12

Who does not view personality as being constituted by defense mechanisms such as denial,projection,or the formation of reaction?

A)Freud
B)Jung and Adler
C)Skinner
D)Maslow and Rogers

Question 13

What are the conceptualizations of personality,developed in a particular culture,which are specific and relevant only to that culture?

A)National characters
B)Indigenous personalities
C)Extraverted personalities
D)Individual differences

Question 14

The textbook defines __________ as a set of behavioral and cognitive characteristics,traits,and predispositions that people use within different situations,contexts,and interactions,which contribute to differences among individuals.

A)Personality
B)Attitude
C)Beliefs
D)Religion

Question 15

What is the term indicating a characteristic or quality that distinguishes a person?

A)Trait
B)Uniqueness
C)Tendency
D)Preference

Question 16

The psychometric evidence typically used to demonstrate a measure's reliability and validity in a single culture involves ________,______,and ______,convergent and predictive validities,and reliability of the factor structures that comprise the various scales of the test.Which one of the following examples is not appropriate?

A)Examination of internal
B)Test-retest
C)Parallel forms reliabilities
D)All of the above

Question 17

What questionnaire did Eysenck and Chan (1982)use to measure personality in Hong Kong and England?

A)The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)
B)The Five Factor Personality Traits
C)The Traditional Personality Questionnaire
D)None of the above

Question 18

According to Markus and Kitayama (1998),culture and personality are not separate entities,but part of a mutually constituted system in which each creates and maintains the other.

Question 19

This is a type of control in which one attempts to control the environment as a member of a group,and the group serves as the agent of control.Which one of the examples explains this?

A)Collective control
B)Direct control
C)Indirect control
D)Proxy control

Question 20

The ________ is a conceptual model built around five distinct and basic personality dimensions that appear to be universal for all humans.

A)FFM (The Five-Factor Model)
B)CPI (The California Psychological Inventory)
C)CPS (The Comrey Personality Scales)
D)None of the above

Question 21

What factors don't adaptations include?

A)Habits
B)Attitudes
C)Skills
D)All of the above

Question 22

According to the textbook,a concern with scales like the NEO-PI-R is?

A)Too many numbers of questions
B)Too simple questions
C)Response biases (social desirability)
D)Non of the above

Question 23

Which is not a characteristic of personality in China?

A)Interpersonal harmony,avoidance of conflict,and maintenance of equilibrium
B)Self-protective rationalization and belittling of others' achievements.
C)Ah-Q Mentality (defensiveness)
D)Aggressiveness

Question 24

Within groups,stereotypes serve as the function to?

A)To affirm,or reaffirm,the perceptions,and often the self-worth,of one's own group
B)To create a new schema in various situations
C)To deal with unfair situations in fair ways
D)None of the above

Question 25

Personality dispositions,such as intimacy and safety,which help individuals achieve their affective goals,by managing personal and environmental resources" is an example of which type of model?

A)A hierarchical model
B)A motivational model
C)A social learning model
D)A affective model

Question 26

Stereotypes often lead to prejudice,discrimination,and violence.

Question 27

The subtraits of Neuroticism are depression,self-consciousness,impulsiveness,and vulnerability.

Question 28

What is level 1 of a hierarchical model?

A)Concerns,projects,tasks
B)Evolved motive dispositions
C)Specific action units
D)Personal strivings

Question 29

Which one is not true in terms of the FFM?

A)The FFM may apply to nonhuman primates as well
B)The FFM can predict variations in behavior among individuals in longitudinal studies
C)The FFM suggests that personality traits that underlie basic tendencies are culturally based
D)The FFM suggests that the universal personality traits representing basic tendencies are expressed in characteristic ways

Question 30

What is the last level of a hierarchical model?

A)Evolved motive dispositions
B)Personal strivings
C)Concerns,projects,tasks
D)Specific action units

Question 31

According to the study by McCrae et al.(1998),culture is "undeniably relevant in the development of ____ and _____ that guide the expression of personality in thoughts,feelings,and behaviors"

A)Characteristics,adaptations
B)Personality,adaptations
C)Social environment,educational system
D)Social experience,adjustment

Question 32

According to McCrae and Costa (1999),the core components of the FFT are basic tendencies,characteristic adaptations,and the self-concept,which is actually a subcomponent of _______________.

A)Internal dispositions
B)Personality
C)Characteristic adaptations
D)All of the above

Question 33

According to McCrae et al.(1998),culture can substantially influence personality through the resources,social structures,and social systems available within a specific environment to help achieve goals.

Question 34

What are two traits describing behavioral differences?

A)Openness and Extraversion
B)Extroversion and Neuroticism
C)Neuroticism and Consciousness
D)Extraversion and Consciousness

Question 35

In the NEO-PI-R,the term Pagkamadaldal refers to?

A)Risk-Taking
B)Social curiosity
C)Religiosity
D)Culture

Question 36

Which one of the following examples is not appropriate for the blank in the following statement? Culture can substantially influence these characteristic adaptations through ________,___________,and ________ in a specific environment to help achieve goals.

A)Resources
B)Social structures
C)Social systems available
D)All of them are appropriate

Question 37

Characteristic adaptations help to produce a ________,as well as ___________.For example,a person low in depression,with a facet of Neuroticism,may develop a low self-esteem,irrational perfectionistic beliefs,and pessimistic or cynical attitudes about the world.Fill in the blanks respectively

A)Basic Tendency,self-concept
B)Self-concept,specific behavior
C)Characteristic adaptation,basic tendency
D)Self-concept,adaptation basic tendency

Question 38

Which one of the following statement is not true in terms of culture?

A)Culture can substantially influence the characteristic adaptations through the resources,social structures,and social systems available in a specific environment to help achieve goals
B)Culture can influence values on various personality traits
C)Culture defines context and provides differential meaning to the components of context,including who is involved
D)Culture is not related to adaptations

Question 39

__________ is viewed as a universal psychological mechanism,a product of natural selection that serves both social and nonsocial functions in problem solving and environmental adaptation.Fill in the blank.

A)Depression
B)Personality characteristic
C)Personality structure
D)Stress strategy

Question 40

Traits such as conscientiousness,neuroticism,and the other components of the FFM are considered to reflect stable variations in systems that serve critical adaptive functions.Which of the following is related to conscientiousness?

A)Emotional stability
B)Affect intensity
C)Depression
D)Motivation

Question 41

Which of these is not an approach to understanding personality?

A)Freud's psychoanalytic approach
B)Jung and Adler's neoanalytic approach
C)Skinner's behavioral approach
D)Malinowski's cultural approach

Question 42

According to the text book,____-context cultures place little value on cross-context consistency,allowing (and necessitating)behaviors and cognitions that differ according to context or situation.____-context cultures,in contrast,discourage cross-context differences,emphasizing instead consistency and stability across contexts.Fill in the blanks respectively.

A)High,low
B)Low,high
C)Middle,high
D)Low,middle

Question 43

In ________,the self acts as an agent,and individuals feel themselves to be more self-efficacious when their agency is made explicit,leading to greater feelings of autonomy and efficacy.Fill in the blank.

A)Direct control
B)Indirect control
C)Proxy control
D)External control

Question 44

What does the following statement describe? A set of relatively enduring behavioral and cognitive characteristics,traits,or predispositions that people take with them to different situations,contexts,and interactions with others,contributing to differences among individuals.

A)Personality A
B)National character
C)Trait A
D)Proxy control

Question 45

Which theory states that people from all cultures share basic psychological needs for autonomy,competence,and relatedness,but that the specific ways in which these needs are met and expressed differ according to context and culture.

A)Universal theory
B)Cultural construct theory
C)Social learning theory
D)Self-determination theory

Question 46

All Japanese relationships can be characterized by ____,which serves as a fundamental building block of Japanese culture and personality.

A)Cheong
B)Amae
C)Simpatia
D)Pakikisama

Question 47

Hofstede,Bond,and Luk (1993)analyzed data from 1,300 individuals in Denmark and the Netherlands,and found six personality dimensions.Five of these were related to the FFM; the sixth,however,was not.The researchers labeled this "___________."

A)Authoritarianism
B)Perfecticism
C)Narcissism
D)Passivism

Question 48

Studies of indigenous personalities often use _______________________.

A)Nonstandardized methodologies
B)Measures that are equivalent between cultures
C)Valid and reliable measures
D)None of the above

Question 49

What is proxy control?

A)This is a type of control in which one attempts to control the environment as a member of a group,and the group serves as the agent of control
B)This is a form of control that can be used when personal control,either direct or indirect,is not available or inappropriate
C)This is a type of control in which one's agency is hidden or downplayed
D)This is people's attribution of control over their behaviors and relationships as internal or external to themselves

Question 50

What does Pagkamapadsapalaran in the NEO-PI-R mean?

A)Culture
B)Religiosity
C)Social curiosity
D)Risk-Taking

Question 51

Cross-cultural research on the validity of the Five Factor Model conducted in different countries and cultures has continued to _________ claims of universality.

A)Refute
B)Support

Question 52

Regarding indigenous personality descriptions from various cultures,which example is incorrectly matched?

A)Korea,cheong
B)India,hishkama karma
C)China,renqin
D)France,simpatia

Question 53

The trait approach of psychology dates back to the work of:

A)Freud
B)Allport
C)Jung
D)McCrae

Question 54

When researchers group items on a questionnaire using a statistical technique,this is called:

A)Semantic differential
B)Hierarchical regression
C)Analysis of variance
D)Factor analysis

Question 55

Viewpoints that are rooted in Markus and Kitayama's (1991)framework of independent versus interdependent self-construals suggest that people of collectivistic cultures are _______________.

A)Self-determined
B)Independent
C)Autonomous
D)Not autonomous

Question 56

When an individual views their behavior and relationships with the environment and others as beyond their control,this individual possesses a(n)___________ locus of control.

A)Proxy
B)Internal
C)Direct
D)External

Question 57

If a test is examined in another culture for its psychometric properties and the data are not as strong as they were in the original culture,alternative explanations such as response style,poor test translation,and different analytic methods should be examined before concluding that the test is not psychometrically valid or reliable.

Question 58

A source of evidence that supports that cross-cultural comparisons of personality are meaningful is:

A)Findings derived from many cross-cultural comparisons of personality are interpretable to a large degree and match predictions based on what we might reasonably expect based on our knowledge of culture and its probable influence on personality.
B)Cross-cultural researchers have taken steps to assure some degree of psychometric equivalence across cultures in their measures of personality.
C)Findings that show that personality has a somewhat direct relationship to genes.
D)All of the above

Question 59

A beneficial way of understanding the relationship between culture and personality may be to see indigenous and universal aspects of personality as _________________ rather than _________________.Fill in the blanks respectively.

A)Co-existing; mutually exclusive
B)Independent; dependent
C)Mutually exclusive; co-existing
D)Dependent; independent