Deck 6: Self and Other: Getting to Know Me, Getting to Know You

Question 1

Boosting children's self-esteem by therapeutic interventions or school programs is likely to lead to:
(a)more prosocial behavior
(b)less internalizing behavior
(c)both a and b
(d)neither a nor b

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A child who is placed in front of a mirror and is then turned around, given a sticker on the nose, and then redirected to the mirror will respond by giggling, showing embarrassment, or acting silly if they are:
(a)6 months old
(b)9 months old
(c)12 months old
(d)24 months old

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Domains of self-perceptions assessed by the Harter scale include:
(a)physical appearance
(b)behavioral conduct
(c)both a and b
(d)neither a nor b

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Comparing the personal stories of Chinese children with those of American children, researchers found that Chinese mothers used the story telling opportunity to remind their child of:
(a)his or her place in the social hierarchy
(b)the need to follow the rules
(c)the importance of social connectedness
(d)all of the above

Question 5

High self-esteem helps prevent children from:
(a)smoking
(b)engaging in early sex
(c)failing in school
(d)none of the above

Question 6

Children with autism:
(a)show precocious self-recognition
(b)show excessive emotional response when they do successfully self-recognize
(c)show similar neurological responses to their own face, a familiar face, and an unfamiliar face
(d)are similar to normal children in self recognition

Question 7

Children's views and descriptions of themselves become ____ specific, ____ detailed, and ____ psychological as they grow up:
(a)less, less, more
(b)more, less, more
(c)less, less, less
(d)more, more, more

Question 8

Preschool children's self-appraisals:
(a)often reflect what children want to be instead of who they are
(b)are not very accurate or realistic
(c)relate moderately well to their teachers' assessments
(d)all of the above

Question 9

Children begin to describe themselves in terms of their personality traits and social relationships in:
(a)early adolescence
(b)middle adolescence
(c)late adolescence
(d)none of the above

Question 10

The best term to describe the aspects of the self that make a person unique is:
(a)the relational self
(b)the collective self
(c)the individual self
(d)identity

Question 11

The best term to describe aspects of the self that involve connections to other people is:
(a)the relational self
(b)the collective self
(c)the individual self
(d)identity

Question 12

Self-appraisals become more accurate with age as a result of:
(a)development
(b)social feedback
(c)both a and b
(d)neither a nor b

Question 13

Children think about future and possible selves in:
(a)early adolescence
(b)middle adolescence
(c)late adolescence
(d)early adulthood

Question 14

Children describe themselves in terms of their abilities, interpersonal attributes, and successes in different social areas at:
(a)3-4 years old
(b)5-7 years old
(c)8-10 years old
(d)11 years and older

Question 15

Children describe themselves in terms of their competencies, "I am good at running, jumping, and school work" at:
(a)3-4 years old
(b)5-7 years old
(c)8-10 years old
(d)11 years and older

Question 16

Compared with the personal stories told by Chinese children, in their personal stories American children:
(a)describe themselves in more neutral terms
(b)refer more to interpersonal relations
(c)refer to their preferences
(d)refer to their social group

Question 17

Awareness that the self is different from other people is referred to as:
(a)sense of self
(b)collective self
(c)relational self
(d)identity

Question 18

A person's concept of self within a group is referred to as:
(a)the relational self
(b)the collective self
(c)the individual self
(d)identity

Question 19

The evaluative component of self that taps how positively or negatively people view themselves in relation to others is referred to as:
(a)stereotype consciousness
(b)relational self
(c)the sense of self
(d)self esteem

Question 20

Children have trouble representing and remembering past self-images until they are about:
(a)3 years old
(b)4 years old
(c)5 years old
(d)6 years old

Question 21

Which of the following is true regarding identity in adolescence:
(a)the number of adolescents who have diffused identities or are in moratorium stays the same
(b)more than half remain in the same identity level from early to late adolescence
(c)all adolescents change their identity level
(d)boys change but girls remain at the same identity level

Question 22

Global self-esteem is higher among children whose parents are:
(a)psychologically controlling
(b)manipulative
(c)intrusive
(d)none of the above

Question 23

The definition of oneself as a discrete, separate entity is:
(a)the individual self
(b)the relational self
(c)identity
(d)self-esteem

Question 24

When a person has experienced both an identity crisis and an identity commitment this is referred to as:
(a)identity diffusion
(b)identity foreclosure
(c)identity moratorium
(d)identity achievement

Question 25

Peers are especially important for promoting adolescents' self-perceptions in the domains of:
(a)physical appearance, social acceptance, and behavioral conduct
(b)physical appearance, social acceptance, and scholastic ability
(c)physical appearance, social acceptance, and athletic competence
(d)scholastic ability, social acceptance, and athletic competence

Question 26

Children who have reached identity achievement:
(a)are relatively more authoritarian and inflexible
(b)can show relatively higher levels of externalizing and internalizing behaviors
(c)are relatively more able to develop close intimate relationships
(d)are relatively anxious and ambivalent, with strained relationships

Question 27

Effective praise that will promote children's self-esteem is:
(a)focused on the child's efforts, not the child's performance
(b)based on things the child can change (e.g., strategies and progress)rather than things the child cannot change (e.g., intelligence and attractiveness)
(c)specific and sincere, not global or exaggerated
(d)all of the above

Question 28

Greta and John are both teachers.Both feel that they work hard at teaching and are perceived by their students as demanding.However, Greta feels good about her ability to reach students whereas John does not.With regard to teaching, it might be said that Greta and John have:
(a)different self-concepts and different levels of self-esteem
(b)similar self-concepts and different levels of self-esteem
(c)similar self-concepts and similar levels of self-esteem
(d)different self-concepts and similar levels of self-esteem

Question 29

The research on peers and self-esteem is best described as showing that:
(a)children's self-esteem becomes increasingly influenced by their peers as the children grow older
(b)support from peers in public domains is more important than support in private domains
(c)feedback from anonymous peer strangers can affect a child's self-esteem
(d)all of the above

Question 30

The association between children's self-perceptions in a domain and their investment in that domain is as follows:
(a)children's self-perceptions in a domain predict their investment
(b)children's investment in a domain predicts their self-perceptions
(c)both a and b
(d)neither a nor b

Question 31

Factors that influence adolescents' identity development include:
(a)biological changes in puberty
(b)changes in cognitive functioning
(c)increased social interaction skills
(d)both a and b

Question 32

The largest shifts towards a stable identity take place:
(a)before high school
(b)during high school
(c)during the college years
(d)after the college years

Question 33

The finding that boys have higher global self-esteem than girls is found:
(a)only in middle childhood
(b)only in North American samples
(c)only in late adolescence
(d)none of the above

Question 34

When a person has experienced neither an identity crisis nor an identity commitment, this is referred to as:
(a)identity diffusion
(b)identity foreclosure
(c)identity moratorium
(d)identity achievement

Question 35

Praising children for their talent and intelligence helps them to:
(a)excel at school when faced with challenges
(b)seek out new tasks where there is a chance of failure
(c)increase their sense of mastery
(d)none of the above

Question 36

Global self-esteem is higher among children whose parents:
(a)set clear and consistent rules
(b)are involved with their children
(c)considered the child's views in family decisions
(d)all of the above

Question 37

The research on gender differences in self-esteem is best described as showing that:
(a)girls have lower global self-esteem than boys in middle childhood and this continues into adolescence
(b)girls have lower global self-esteem than boys in middle childhood but this difference disappears by adolescence
(c)girls have lower global self-esteem than boys in middle childhood but boys have lower global self-esteem by adolescence
(d)girls have higher global self-esteem than boys in middle childhood and this continues into adolescence

Question 38

Children who have reached identity moratorium:
(a)are relatively more authoritarian and inflexible
(b)can show relatively higher levels of externalizing and internalizing behaviors
(c)are relatively more able to develop close intimate relationships
(d)are relatively anxious and ambivalent, with strained relationships

Question 39

Mentoring programs that researchers have evaluated apparently increase children's self-esteem by:
(a)increasing children's acceptance by peers
(b)improving children's relationships with parents
(c)increasing children's social skills
(d)teaching children to take risks

Question 40

When a person is actively involved in exploration of different identities but has not yet made an identity commitment this is referred to as:
(a)identity diffusion
(b)identity foreclosure
(c)identity moratorium
(d)identity achievement

Question 41

During ______ children are behaviorists who focus on observable characteristics and behaviors and environmental circumstances:
(a)early childhood
(b)middle childhood
(c)late childhood
(d)adolescence

Question 42

Which of the following is true regarding ethnic-based associations during adolescence:
(a)adolescents who have more contact with members of other ethnic groups tend to develop more mature ethnic identities
(b)most students tend not to know classmates in other groups well because they see these students more as members of a group than as individuals
(c)both a and b
(d)neither a nor b

Question 43

When a Mexican American adolescent identifies strongly with the culture of origin and the host culture he or she could be classified as:
(a)marginally oriented
(b)bicultural
(c)European American-oriented
(d)Mexican-oriented

Question 44

A mental representation of an event or situation of daily life including the order in which things are expected to happen and how one should behave in that event or situation:
(a)theory of mind
(b)identity
(c)behavioral script
(d)collective self

Question 45

Children's understanding that people have mental states such as thoughts, beliefs, and desires that affect their behavior is termed:
(a)theory of mind
(b)identity
(c)behavioral script
(d)collective self

Question 46

The ______ perspective is characterized by children's being able to describe their own perspective, a peer's perspective, and their shared perspective:
(a)egocentric
(b)mutual
(c)reciprocal
(d)societal

Question 47

During ______ children are trait theorists who believe that psychological characteristics are fixed and stable across time and situation:
(a)infancy
(b)early childhood
(c)middle childhood
(d)adolescence

Question 48

Children's understanding that people's actions are intentional and goal directed begins to emerge at:
(a)6 months
(b)12 months
(c)18 months
(d)24 months

Question 49

Active exploration of ethnic identity occurs among half of all African American children by:
(a)10^th grade
(b)11^th grade
(c)12^th grade
(d)the first year of college

Question 50

Early precursors of ethnic identity include the following phenomena:
(a)babies look longer at faces of their own race than faces of other races
(b)preschool children prefer to play with children from their own group
(c)minority group children reach this awareness earlier than other children
(d)all of the above

Question 51

Theory of mind has been linked with which area of the brain:
(a)occipital lobe
(b)amygdala
(c)hippocampus
(d)prefrontal cortex

Question 52

The ______ perspective is characterized by children seeing networks of perspectives:
(a)egocentric
(b)differentiated
(c)reciprocal
(d)societal

Question 53

Autistic children show a ______ success rate with the "false belief" story telling tests compared with normal children, who show a ______success rate:
(a)high, low
(b)low, high
(c)the two groups of children show similar success rates on these tests
(d)moderate, low

Question 54

Children show consistent success at verbally-based "false belief" storytelling tests designed to assess the child's theory of mind by:
(a)2 years
(b)3 years
(c)4-5 years
(d)"false belief" storytelling tasks are not designed to test theory of mind

Question 55

Which of the following is true of ethnic identity among African Americans and Latinos during adolescence:
(a)they become less proud of their ethnic group because of increasing discrimination
(b)they become less proud of their ethnic group because of increasing media-based stereotypes
(c)they become more proud of their ethnic group
(d)their level of group pride is set in childhood and does not change in adolescence

Question 56

When a Mexican American adolescent identifies solely with the culture of origin he or she could be classified as:
(a)marginally oriented
(b)bicultural
(c)European American-oriented
(d)Mexican-oriented

Question 57

Children's understanding of social scripts:
(a)conserves children's social energy
(b)ensures social predictability
(c)facilitates peer interactions
(d)all of the above

Question 58

Which of the following is true regarding ethnic identity?
(a)if minority youth identify too strongly with the dominant culture they are often criticized by their ethnic peers for being 'too white'
(b)students with anti-white attitudes have lower achievement and self-esteem
(c)both a and b
(d)neither a nor b

Question 59

Children's early understanding of intentions and norms typically proceeds in this order:
(a)intentionality of others, joint attention, social norms, social scripts
(b)social norms, social scripts, intentionality of others, joint attention
(c)social norms, joint attention, social scripts, intentionality of others
(d)intentionality of others, social norms, joint attention, social scripts

Question 60

The ______ perspective is characterized by children realizing they may either have the same or a different perspective from another person:
(a)egocentric
(b)differentiated
(c)reciprocal
(d)mutual

Question 61

Two-word or three-word utterances that include only the words essential to convey the speaker's intent:
(a)telegraphic speech
(b)holophrase
(c)babbling
(d)syntax

Question 62

A general label applied to individuals based solely on their membership in a racial, ethnic, or religious group is:
(a)prejudice
(b)theory of mind
(c)script
(d)stereotype

Question 63

The smallest sound units that affect meaning in a language:
(a)syntax
(b)pragmatics
(c)phonemes
(d)semantics

Question 64

Children's understanding of others' thoughts and traits is particularly facilitated by interactions with siblings and friends including:
(a)discussions of shared concerns, interests, and goals
(b)avoidance of discrepancies between their own desires and the desires of the peer
(c)handling disagreements with peers without parental mediation
(d)all of the above

Question 65

An infant's production of strings of consonant-vowel sounds:
(a)syntax
(b)babbling
(c)holophrase
(d)cooing

Question 66

A child who is asked to bring over the refrigerator will understand that the request is problematic and request clarification as early as:
(a)3 years old
(b)4 years old
(c)5 years old
(d)5 years old

Question 67

A set of attitudes by which an individual defines all members of a group negatively:
(a)prejudice
(b)theory of mind
(c)stereotype consciousness
(d)stereotype

Question 68

Rules of pragmatics include the following:
(a)engage the attention of the listener before speaking
(b)be sensitive to the listener's feedback
(c)adjust speech to be appropriate for different listeners
(d)all of the above

Question 69

A very young infant's production of vowel-like sounds:
(a)syntax
(b)babbling
(c)holophrase
(d)cooing

Question 70

Children who have higher levels of social understanding also have higher levels of:
(a)prosocial behavior
(b)intelligence
(c)both a and b
(d)aggressive behavior

Question 71

Most fundamental forms of grammar are acquired by the time children are:
(a)3 years old
(b)4 years old
(c)5 years old
(d)none of the above

Question 72

Children's theory of mind is more advanced when parents:
(a)include explanations of the causes and effects of mental states
(b)take conversations with the child as an opportunity to direct the child rather than connect with them
(c)give children freedom to develop understanding of others by themselves
(d)play a lot with their children

Question 73

The knowledge that other people have beliefs based on stereotypes is:
(a)prejudice
(b)theory of mind
(c)stereotype consciousness
(d)stereotype

Question 74

Prejudice can be reduced by:
(a)reducing the amount of contact between members of groups who are prejudiced against each other
(b)reducing competitiveness between groups
(c)highlighting group membership instead of individual characteristics
(d)increasing stereotyped thinking

Question 75

Children's theory of mind is more advanced when parents:
(a)avoid talking about mental states with their children
(b)tend to talk to their infants as separate psychological entities
(c)focus largely on their children's physical needs
(d)arrange for children to have lots of play dates

Question 76

The part of grammar that prescribes how words combine into phrases, clauses, and sentences:
(a)syntax
(b)pragmatics
(c)phonemes
(d)semantics

Question 77

A single word that appears to represent a complete thought:
(a)telegraphic speech
(b)holophrase
(c)babbling
(d)syntax

Question 78

Children's understanding of other's thoughts and traits is particularly facilitated by interactions with siblings and friends including:
(a)dispute resolution
(b)pretend play
(c)both a and b
(d)parallel play

Question 79

The meanings of words and word combinations:
(a)syntax
(b)pragmatics
(c)phonemes
(d)semantics

Question 80

A set of rules that specify appropriate language for particular social contexts:
(a)syntax
(b)pragmatics
(c)phonemes
(d)semantics