Deck 5: Emotions: Thoughts About Feelings

Question 1

The functional perspective on emotional development is especially useful for:
(a)explaining individual differences in emotional expression
(b)explaining how emotions guide behavior and help people achieve goals
(c)explaining the expression of basic emotions
(d)explaining the neurological basis of emotions

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Secondary emotions:
(a)emerge in infancy
(b)do not require introspection to emerge
(c)depend on an awareness of others' reactions
(d)do not require a sense of self

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following emotions typically emerges last:
(a)joy
(b)fear
(c)jealousy
(d)sadness

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following are secondary emotions:
(a)pride, jealousy, fear, anger
(b)guilt, jealousy, shame, pride
(c)anger, sadness, fear, guilt
(d)sadness, pride, anger, fear

Question 5

The Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement coding scheme:
(a)is used for children from 2 years to 8 years
(b)is used to code emotions of interest, joy, surprise, and sadness
(c)is used to help mothers more accurately identify their child's emotions
(d)is used to describe jealousy and empathy

Question 6

Children have problems managing stress and anxiety when:
(a)they are reared in environments in which positive emotions are rarely experienced
(b)they are reared in environments in which negative emotions are often experienced
(c)both a and b
(d)neither a nor b

Question 7

The three theoretical perspectives of emotional development include:
(a)sociocultural, biological, learning
(b)evolutionary, sociocultural, biological
(c)biological, evolutionary, functional
(d)functional, biological, learning

Question 8

Social smiles:
(a)are seen in newborns
(b)appear to depend on internal stimulus
(c)are usually spontaneous
(d)none of the above

Question 9

Reflex smiles:
(a)are seen in newborns
(b)appear to depend on internal stimulus
(c)are usually spontaneous
(d)all of the above

Question 10

Which of the following is not consistent with the functional perspective of emotional development:
(a)parents can affect emotional development by rewarding or dismissing emotional displays
(b)emotions help children achieve their goals
(c)emotions help children establish and maintain social relationships
(d)emotions help children adapt to their environments

Question 11

The biological perspective on emotional development is especially useful for:
(a)explaining individual differences in emotional expression
(b)explaining how emotions guide behavior and help people achieve goals
(c)explaining the expression of basic emotions
(d)explaining all aspects of emotional development

Question 12

Which of the following are primary emotions:
(a)pride, jealousy, fear, anger
(b)joy, sadness, shame, pride
(c)anger, joy, fear, guilt
(d)sadness, joy, anger, fear

Question 13

The learning perspective on emotional development is especially useful for:
(a)explaining individual differences in emotional expression
(b)explaining how emotions guide behavior and help people achieve goals
(c)explaining the expression of basic emotions
(d)explaining the development of secondary emotions

Question 14

According to Charles Darwin's structural view of emotions:
(a)emotional expressions are learned
(b)emotional expressions are culture specific
(c)emotional expressions are rooted in human evolution
(d)all of the above

Question 15

As children progress through childhood and adolescence:
(a)their expressions of emotion become more refined
(b)they can increasingly regulate emotional arousal
(c)they are more capable of processing the emotional expressions of others
(d)all of the above

Question 16

Emotional expressions:
(a)are culture specific
(b)involve an objective reaction to something in the environment
(c)are generally accompanied by physiological arousal
(d)are evident only in the second half of the first year

Question 17

Primary emotions:
(a)emerge later in childhood
(b)require introspection to emerge
(c)need the child to have sufficient self-reflection
(d)do not require a sense of self

Question 18

All infants begin to smile at 46 weeks post conception regardless of how long they have been exposed to smiling faces.This is evidence that emotions are:
(a)innate
(b)universal
(c)based in biology
(d)based on anatomical structures

Question 19

Which of the following emotions typically emerges first:
(a)pride
(b)sadness
(c)jealousy
(d)guilt

Question 20

In which of the following cases are the frequency and circumstance of children's expressions of positive or negative emotions modified by the environment:
(a)when adults respond to a baby's smiles with positive stimulation, the baby's rate of smiling increases
(b)through classical conditioning, a child who gets a shot at the doctor's office comes to fear the doctor
(c)whether they were born prematurely or at the normal age of 40 weeks after conception, all infants begin to smile at 46 weeks post conception
(d)both a and b

Question 21

College students who smiled Duchenne smiles in their yearbook photos:
(a)were more likely to be married when contacted years later
(b)were more likely to be satisfied with their lives when contacted years later
(c)were more likely to be wealthy years later
(d)both a and b

Question 22

The process of reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in an uncertain situation is called:
(a)using emotional display rules
(b)following an emotional script
(c)experiencing empathy
(d)social referencing

Question 23

What can a stranger approaching an infant do to reduce the likelihood that a child will be fearful:
(a)keep approaching regardless of the child's reaction
(b)avoid talking
(c)smile at the child
(d)stand up as tall as they can

Question 24

Children explain ______ more in terms of cognitive interpretations as they become older:
(a)sadness
(b)joy
(c)fear
(d)anger

Question 25

Young infants become sad:
(a)as a reaction to events like caregiver withdrawal
(b)as an emotional display to elicit caregivers support
(c)both a and b
(d)when they fail an easy task

Question 26

Abused infants are likely to have difficulty:
(a)reading others' emotions
(b)recognizing angry emotional signals
(c)regulating their emotions
(d)some of the above

Question 27

Infants will look longer at a stranger than at a familiar person, often with interest, at:
(a)3 months
(b)6 months
(c)9 months
(d)12 months

Question 28

Stranger distress or fear of strangers typically emerges at:
(a)3 months
(b)6 months
(c)9 months
(d)12 months

Question 29

At 3 months of age:
(a)babies smile more at familiar faces than unfamiliar ones
(b)smiling ceases to signal simple arousal and begins to signal pleasure
(c)babies smile more when their mother responds with smiles than they do when a stranger responds with smiles
(d)all of the above

Question 30

What is typical social referencing behavior at 14 months?
(a)the infant acts first then looks at the parent
(b)infant looks at the parent but does not study his or her face
(c)the infant stares intently at the parent's face for emotional cues
(d)the infant looks away from familiar figures

Question 31

Reflex smiles are adaptive because:
(a)they give the caregivers pleasure and consequently encourage them to interact with the baby
(b)they help keep caregivers nearby and thus aid in both communication and survival
(c)both a and b
(d)neither a nor b

Question 32

Children are more likely to laugh if presented with:
(a)auditory stimuli
(b)tactile stimuli
(c)visual and social stimuli
(d)both a and b

Question 33

Fear of being apart from a familiar caregiver (usually the mother of father)is called:
(a)childhood depression
(b)learned helplessness
(c)stranger distress
(d)separation anxiety

Question 34

Babies smile more at familiar faces than unfamiliar ones at about:
(a)1 year
(b)9 months
(c)6 months
(d)3 months

Question 35

Duchenne smiles:
(a)signal genuine pleasure
(b)appear to depend on internal stimuli
(c)are usually spontaneous
(d)are another name for Pan American smiles

Question 36

Children are more likely to smile if:
(a)they live in a social arrangement where responsiveness is low
(b)they are boys
(c)they are girls
(d)they are born into a large family

Question 37

The precursor of anger present in the first months of an infant's life is:
(a)distress (e.g., in response to pain)
(b)disgust (e.g., in response to a bitter taste)
(c)startle (e.g., in response to a loud noise)
(d)all of the above

Question 38

Research using the visual cliff reveals the following:
(a)at about 9 months infants become afraid of heights and falling
(b)this fear begins at the same time regardless of experience moving and falling
(c)infants who have experience falling down are more wary of heights
(d)maternal coaxing makes no difference to whether an infant will cross over the deep side

Question 39

Infants are less likely to express stranger distress if:
(a)they are from the Middle East
(b)they meet strangers in a lab
(c)they are sitting on their mother's lap
(d)they have low level of control over the situation

Question 40

By the time children are 3 years old, solving a problem that is not particularly difficult elicits ______, but succeeding on a difficult task produces ______:
(a)joy, sadness
(b)joy, anxiety
(c)joy, pride
(d)joy, guilt

Question 41

Regarding the experience of conflicting emotions, the average 12-year-old:
(a)can experience conflicting feelings
(b)can describe situations that elicit same-valence emotions
(c)can describe situations that elicit opposite-valence emotions
(d)all of the above

Question 42

Cross-cultural research on the timetable of emotional recognition suggests that:
(a)compared with children from the U.S., Japanese preschool children are faster at recognizing negative emotions (e.g., anger)and positive emotions (e.g., joy)
(b)compared with children from the U.S., Japanese preschool children are faster at recognizing negative emotions (e.g., anger)
(c)compared with children from the U.S., Japanese preschool children are faster at recognizing positive emotions (e.g., joy)
(d)children from different cultures follow a similar timetable for recognizing basic emotions

Question 43

Which of the following emerges first?
(a)quasi-egocentric empathic distress
(b)true empathic distress
(c)rudimentary emotional responding
(d)egocentric empathic distress

Question 44

A scheme that enables a child to identify the emotional reaction likely to accompany a particular event:
(a)an emotional script
(b)social referencing
(c)an emotional display rule
(d)emotional intelligence

Question 45

Which of the following is a central aspect of the development of emotional understanding:
(a)learning the causes and consequences of emotions
(b)emotional regulation
(c)learning to express primary emotions
(d)learning to express secondary emotions

Question 46

Research on abused children's emotional recognition suggests that:
(a)they are better at identifying anger expressions than nonabused children
(b)they are less capable of detecting expressions of sadness than nonabused children
(c)they are better than normal children at recognizing expressions of surprise
(d)both a and b

Question 47

Children aged 6 and 9 years vary in their expressions of guilt:
(a)9-year-olds express more guilt
(b)6-year-olds express guilt even when they have little control over the outcome of the situation
(c)9-year-olds express guilt even when they have little control over the outcome of the situation
(d)6 year olds express guilt only when their parent is present

Question 48

Social referencing refers to:
(a)an infant's tendency to interpret ambiguous situations by reading others' emotional reactions to those situations
(b)an infant's tendency to communicate needs and wants by sending emotional messages to his or her companions
(c)an infant's tendency to be social ly after feeding
(d)all of the above

Question 49

Jealousy between siblings is less prevalent when:
(a)their parents have a happy marriage
(b)their relationship with their parents is secure and trusting
(c)both a and b
(d)neither a nor b

Question 50

A shared emotional response that parallels another person's feelings is:
(a)social referencing
(b)empathy
(c)Duchenne smile
(d)secondary emotion

Question 51

Cross-cultural research on the facial expressions used to convey basic emotions suggests that:
(a)compared with children from individualistic cultures, children from collectivist cultures use fewer expressions to convey basic emotions
(b)compared with children from individualistic cultures, children from collectivist cultures use more expressions to convey basic emotions
(c)compared with children from individualistic cultures, children from collectivist cultures use different expressions to convey basic emotions
(d)the facial expressions used to convey basic emotions are similar worldwide

Question 52

Children who have the most difficulty with emotional regulation:
(a)are high in effortful control
(b)are temperamentally reactive
(c)are poor at controlling their attention
(d)some of the above but not all of the above

Question 53

Which of the following steps in the progression of learning about emotional scripts happens last:
(a)describing situations that elicit relief or disappointment
(b)describing situations that elicit emotions with no obvious facial or behavioral expressions
(c)describing situations that lead to emotions with recognizable facial displays or behaviors
(d)describing situations that evoke emotions like excitement, surprise, and fear

Question 54

Cross-cultural research on expressing and understanding emotions suggests that:
(a)U.S.and Canadian parents encourage emotional expressiveness more than Asian parents (i.e., those in China, Japan, India, and Nepal)
(b)Asian parents react positively to emotional suppression whereas U.S.parents reinforce emotional suppression by responding to those displays and helping their children cope with their feelings
(c)Asian parents talk more about other people's emotions and less about the child's emotions than U.S.parents
(d)all of the above

Question 55

Infants' recognition of joy before anger has functional value because:
(a)recognition of joy provides rewarding experiences for the infant
(b)joy strengthens the mother-infant bond through mutually rewarding experiences
(c)anger recognition is not adaptive in the first year of life because they lack responses to cope with threatening situations
(d)all of the above

Question 56

According to research by Paul Harris and his colleagues, the temporal progression in emotional thinking (from earliest to latest)is as follows:
(a)reflect on a situation from various perspectives, understand emotions are caused by internal states, identify external causes and evidences of emotions
(b)understand emotions are caused by internal states, identify external causes and evidences of emotions, reflect on a situation from various perspectives
(c)identify external causes and evidence of emotions, understand emotions are caused by internal states, reflect on a situation from various perspectives
(d)identify external causes and evidences of emotions, reflect on a situation from various perspectives, understand emotions are caused by internal states

Question 57

The process of monitoring, managing, and modifying emotional reactions to reduce the intensity and duration of emotional arousal is known as:
(a)following an emotional script
(b)expressing a secondary emotion
(c)knowing emotional display rules
(d)emotional regulation

Question 58

According to developmental psychologists who study emotions, an emotion consists of:
(a)a positive or negative feeling
(b)a physiological response that accompanies a feeling
(c)a thought that accompanies a feeling
(d)all of the above

Question 59

Which of the following is true regarding individual differences in emotional expressiveness:
(a)biological factors do not play a central role in how intensely children react to emotionally arousing situations
(b)biological factors determine how well children regulate their reactions
(c)individual differences in positive and negative emotionality are related to children's overall adjustment
(d)all of the above

Question 60

An implicit understanding in a culture of how and when an emotion should be expressed is:
(a)an emotional script
(b)social referencing
(c)an emotional display rule
(d)emotional intelligence

Question 61

Children whose parents give them emotion coaching:
(a)are less skilled at soothing themselves
(b)have difficulty understanding the emotions of others
(c)are more accepted by their peers
(d)are poorer at displaying clear emotional expressions

Question 62

A mood disorder often manifested in despondent mood and loss of interest in familiar activities but possibly expressed as irritability and crankiness and difficulty concentrating or focusing on tasks:
(a)learned helplessness
(b)separation anxiety
(c)childhood depression
(d)stranger distress or fear of strangers

Question 63

Symptoms of childhood depression may include:
(a)despondent mood and loss of interest in familiar activities
(b)irritability and crankiness
(c)difficulty concentrating or focusing on tasks
(d)all of the above

Question 64

Children whose parents reminisce with them about shared emotional experiences in the past:
(a)are generally unsuccessful at telling coherent autobiographical narratives
(b)are generally unsuccessful at telling emotionally expressive autobiographical narratives
(c)are poor emotional regulators
(d)are better able to recognize others' emotions

Question 65

Things parents can do to inhibit or prevent the development of their child's emotional regulation include:
(a)punishing their child for expressing emotions, especially negative ones
(b)belittling their child's emotions
(c)showing little interest in their child's emotions
(d)all of the above

Question 66

Which of the following is true regarding emotional regulation abilities:
(a)preschoolers who shift their attention away from a frustrating situation are less aggressive and disruptive when they enter school
(b)children who know and use display rules effectively end up as less socially competent
(c)children who know and use display rules effectively are less liked by their peers
(d)all of the above

Question 67

If parents are positive and provide comfort when interacting with their children, the children are more likely to:
(a)know how emotions should be displayed
(b)develop constructive reactions to anger
(c)regulate their emotions better
(d)all of the above

Question 68

Childhood depression:
(a)is more likely when the parents are clinically depressed
(b)is not more likely if the parents have recovered from depression
(c)is related to peer rejection
(d)all of the above

Question 69

The PATHS Head Start curriculum designed to facilitate children's emotional competence shows success at:
(a)increasing emotional vocabulary
(b)reducing aggression and attention problems at home
(c)increasing reading skills
(d)a and b but not c

Question 70

Adolescents who commit suicide:
(a)always have a history of depression
(b)recognize they have social support
(c)generally feel overwhelmingly helpless
(d)are always high achievers

Question 71

Suicide:
(a)is the third leading killer of adolescents, following car accidents and homicide
(b)is the second leading cause of death among college students
(c)is more likely to be successful when attempted by males
(d)all of the above

Question 72

Causes of childhood depression include:
(a)biological causes
(b)social causes
(c)cognitive causes
(d)all of the above

Question 73

Peers can help a child improve emotional understanding and knowledge by:
(a)providing the child with opportunities to learn about emotions as they interact
(b)helping the child understand other people's feelings through pretend play
(c)making positive or negative responses to the child's emotions
(d)all of the above

Question 74

Which of the following is not true regarding how parents socialize children's emotions?
(a)children are similar to their parents in terms of level of emotional expressiveness
(b)children are similar to their parents in terms of types of emotions they display
(c)links between parents' and children's emotions do not persist through adolescence
(d)all of the above accurately describe how parents socialize children's emotions

Question 75

The goals of cognitive behavior therapy for treating depression in adolescents include the following:
(a)reducing teenagers' self-consciousness
(b)providing teenagers with relaxation techniques
(c)improving peer relations
(d)all of the above

Question 76

A feeling that results from the belief that one cannot control the events in one's world is referred to as:
(a)learned helplessness
(b)separation anxiety
(c)childhood depression
(d)stranger distress or fear of strangers

Question 77

Compared with younger adults, older adults:
(a)distort their memories to make them more emotionally gratifying
(b)experience fewer negative emotions
(c)are less likely to confront their emotions
(d)all of the above

Question 78

Which of the following is not a way in which people socialize children's emotions according to Denham (1998):
(a)arrange opportunities for children to practice expressing basic emotions
(b)provide models of emotional expressiveness
(c)react to children's emotions in ways that encourage or discourage them
(d)act as emotional coaches by talking about their own and other people's emotional responses

Question 79

Which of the following is true according to socioemotional selectivity theory:
(a)people increasingly view time as infinite
(b)people place more effort on emotional regulation to diminish both negative and positive experiences
(c)people are increasingly selective about their social partners
(d)people are selective about the types of emotions that they express

Question 80

Teachers facilitate children's emotional development by:
(a)using physical comfort and distraction to help preschoolers regulate their emotional expressions
(b)using verbal mediation and explanations to help toddlers express their emotions
(c)staying out of the way and having classmates teach each other about emotions
(d)more than one of the above but not all of the above