Deck 8: Origins of Personality Testing

Question 1

According to Freud, the ego develops

A) on its own
B) from the id
C) from the superego
D) none of the above

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In Vaillant's system of defense mechanisms, acting out direct expression of an unconscious wish or impulse) is considered to be at what level?

A) psychotic
B) immature
C) "neurotic"
D) mature

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Freud believed that the ______was a reservoir of instinctual drives.

A) preconscious
B) libido
C) unconscious
D) none of the above

Answer 3

unconscious

Question 4

The use of defense mechanisms is

A) always counterproductive
B) undesirable when excessive and rigid
C) always desirable
D) none of the above

Question 5

According to Freud, time and logic are irrelevant to the

A) id
B) superego
C) id and superego
D) none of the above

Question 6

The ______operates in accordance with the reality principle.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) libido

Question 7

Freud began his professional career as a

A) psychiatrist
B) psychologist
C) neurologist
D) gynecologist

Question 8

In Vaillant's system of defense mechanisms, humor is considered to be at what level?

A) psychotic
B) immature
C) "neurotic"
D) mature

Question 9

All defense mechanisms share the following characteristics):

A) they reduce anxiety
B) they operate unconsciously
C) they distort reality
D) all of the above

Question 10

According to Freud, abreaction is a

A) release of emotion
B) buried memory
C) hysterical reaction
D) partial paralysis

Question 11

The id is_____-

A) entirely unconscious
B) partly unconscious and partly conscious
C) entirely conscious
D) unconscious in sleep, conscious in daytime

Question 12

In Vaillant's system, defense mechanisms are

A) psychotic
B) immature
C) neurotic
D) all of the above

Question 13

The main weapon of the superego is

A) altruism
B) guilt
C) logic
D) threat

Question 14

Hysteria may be characterized by

A) histrionic behavior
B) loss of sensation
C) apparent paralysis
D) all of the above

Question 15

According to Freud, the______ is the obscure and inaccessible part of our personality.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) none of the above

Question 16

The construct of personality is difficult to define, but includes the following distinctive features):

A) consistency
B) distinctiveness
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 17

The superego is

A) entirely unconscious
B) partly conscious and partly unconscious
C) entirely conscious
D) conscious in sleep, unconscious in the daytime

Question 18

According to Vaillant, which of the following is a defense mechanism?

A) humor
B) altruism
C) denial
D) all of the above

Question 19

The______ operates in accordance with the pleasure principle.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) libido

Question 20

As individuals age, they use ________mature defense mechanisms.

A) far fewer
B) fewer
C) about the same degree of
D) a greater proportion of

Question 21

The Internal-External Scale is a measure of

A) unconscious thought processes
B) introversion versus extraversion
C) locus of control
D) all of the above

Question 22

Humanistic, existential, and self theories are all examples of the_________ approach to personality.

A) modern
B) phenomenological
C) psychoanalytic
D) none of the above

Question 23

The view that expectations about future outcomes are the primary determinants of behavior was popularized by

A) Skinner
B) Bandura
C) Rotter
D) Rogers

Question 24

Which of the below is NOT one of the "Big Five" personality factors?

A) neuroticism
B) extraversion
C) sensation-seeking
D) agreeableness

Question 25

Eysenck's approach to personality is

A) trait-based
B) dimensional
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 26

According to Eysenck's system, personality consists of which two basic dimensions?

A) introverted-extraverted and emotionally stable-emotionally unstable
B) introverted-extraverted and judging-perceiving
C) structured-unstructured and emotionally stable-emotionally unstable
D) judging-perceiving and structured-unstructured

Question 27

The best way to detect the Type A personality pattern is

A) after a coronary
B) with a structured interview
C) with a paper-and-pencil test
D) none of the above

Question 28

In general, social learning theorists

A) endorse the role of cognitions in behavior
B) deny that cognitions are helpful in explaining behavior
C) ignore the effects of cognitions on behavior
D) none of the above

Question 29

Research indicates that locus of control has a strong relationship to

A) occupational success
B) physical health
C) academic achievement
D) all of the above

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a component of Type A personality syndrome, according to Friedman and Rosenman?

A) hyperaggressiveness
B) free-floating hostility
C) sense of time urgency
D) high self esteem

Question 31

The Type A personality pattern is characterized by

A) insecurity of status
B) hyperaggressiveness
C) sense of time urgency
D) all of the above

Question 32

Cattell refers to the stable and constant sources of behavior as ______traits.

A) source
B) surface
C) persona
D) cardinal

Question 33

A respected definition of trait is:

A) any relatively enduring way in which one individual differs from another
B) the shared sources of behavior common to persons of similar age
C) a hypothetical explanation for inconsistencies in the behavior of individuals
D) none of the above

Question 34

In comparing a self-sort with an ideal-sort on the Q-technique, Rogers found that the effects of psychotherapy were to

A) modify the ideal-sort in a positive direction
B) increase congruence between self-sort and ideal-sort
C) modify the self-sort in a realistic direction
D) none of the above

Question 35

Cattell identified approximately_____ major traits.

A) 6
B) 16
C) 60
D) 100

Question 36

The Q-technique was popularized by

A) Maddi
B) Rogers
C) Husserl
D) Bandura

Question 37

A major use of the Q-technique is the study of

A) unconscious processes
B) factor-analytic traits
C) the self-concept
D) none of the above

Question 38

Cattell refers to the more obvious aspects of personality as ______traits.

A) source
B) surface
C) persona
D) cardinal

Question 39

The role of self-efficacy in human action has been popularized by

A) Skinner
B) Bandura
C) Rotter
D) Rogers

Question 40

In one study of over 3,000 healthy men, persons with the Type A personality pattern were______ to suffer heart attacks than persons with the Type B pattern.

A) less likely
B) no more likely
C) 2.5 times more likely
D) 10 times more likely

Question 41

The most widely used sentence completion test is the

A) Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank
B) Washington University Sentence Completion Test
C) Bloom Sentence Completion Survey
D) Incomplete Sentences Task

Question 42

On the Rorschach, when the F+% falls below 70%, the examiner should consider the possibility of

A) severe psychopathology
B) organicity
C) intellectual deficit
D) all of the above

Question 43

The projective tests are heavily influenced by______ theory.

A) psychometric
B) social learning
C) psychoanalytic
D) cognitive-behavioral

Question 44

Most experts agree that the preferred method for scoring the Rorschach is the one developed by

A) Klopfer
B) Hertz
C) Beck
D) Exner

Question 45

Administering the Rorschach consists of

A) free association to inkblots
B) inquiry about determinants
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 46

In one prominent Rorschach study, expert judges rated_______ percent of normal persons to be psychotic.

A) 4
B) 24
C) 44
D) 64

Question 47

In administering the TAT, the examiner requests the examinee to

A) make up a dramatic story for each picture
B) tell what led up to the current scene
C) describe what the characters are thinking and feeling
D) all of the above

Question 48

_______is a promising and validated system for predicting who will be successful in psychotherapy and who will not.

A) Holzman Inkblot Technique
B) Rorschach Prognostic Rating Scale
C) Thematic Apperception Test
D) Picture Projective Test

Question 49

On the Rorschach, the F+% is

A) the frequency of total responses for all ten inkblots
B) the frequency of popular responses for all ten inkblots
C) the proportion of the total responses which use pure form as a determinant
D) none of the above

Question 50

According to Mischel, trait scales typically produce validity coefficients with an upper limit of

A) .3
B) .5
C) .7
D) .9

Question 51

This approach to personality theory has been shown to have evolutionary plausibility:

A) Eysenck's two-dimensional classification
B) Five-factor theory
C) Cattell's factor-analytic trait theory
D) Psychoanalytic theory

Question 52

Scoring on the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank consists of

A) six different dimensions rated 1 to 9
B) a single maladjustment score
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 53

Which personality test is based upon the five-factor model of personality?

A) 16 PF
B) NEO-PI-R
C) MMPI-2
D) CPI

Question 54

The Rorschach is scored for

A) content
B) determinants
C) location
D) all the above

Question 55

According to the textbook, which of the below was the most frequently used test in the United States in 1995?

A) Rorschach
B) Beck Depression Inventory
C) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised
D) Projective Drawings,
E)g., HTP, Draw-A-Person

Question 56

The first projective technique was an)

A) inkblot
B) story-telling
C) word association test
D) drawing test

Question 57

What is the strongest criticism of the trait approach to personality?

A) poor construct validity
B) impractical
C) low predictive validity
D) all of the above

Question 58

The idea that personal interpretations of ambiguous stimuli must necessarily reflect the unconscious needs, motives, and conflicts of the examinee is known as the

A) personality hypothesis
B) projective hypothesis
C) personalogical axiom
D) psychoanalytic dictum

Question 59

What do critics cite as a liability of the Rorschach?

A) low reliability
B) low predictive validity
C) arduous and time consuming
D) all the above

Question 60

Who is generally credited with popularizing the projective hypothesis?

A) Freud
B) Jung
C) Binet
D) Frank

Question 61

In most cases, interpretation of the TAT is based upon

A) quantitative scoring
B) the hero assumption
C) comparison to sample stories
D) none of the above

Question 62

Formal scoring for the Children's Apperception Test is

A) based upon responses from 1,000 normal children
B) guided by a careful manual
C) nonexistent
D) none of the above

Question 63

Broadly speaking, two approaches have dominated the field of personality testing:______ and________ .

A) objective; subjective
B) projective; objective
C) formal; informal
D) structured; unstructured

Question 64

_________of test users employ subjective procedures for interpreting the TAT, the remainder utilized a standardized scoring system.

A) 27 percent
B) 47 percent
C) 77 percent
D) 97 percent

Question 65

The defense mechanism associated with intellectualization is:

A) psychotic
B) borderline
C) obsessive
D) mature

Question 66

Compared to the TAT, the Picture Projective Test PPT)

A) is more positive in tone
B) emphasizes more interpersonal themes
C) is superior in differentiating psychotics from normals
D) all the above

Question 67

Interpretation of the Draw-A-Person test is

A) quantitative
B) clinical-intuitive
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 68

The TAT was originally designed to assess

A) needs
B) press
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 69

The textbook takes the position that figure-drawing approaches to the assessment of personality

A) have no proven validity
B) are valid in selected instances
C) are valid in the majority of cases
D) are valid when quantitative scoring systems are used

Question 70

In the House-Tree-Person test, the drawing of the tree is thought to mirror the subject's

A) intrafamilial relationships
B) environmental experiences
C) interpersonal relationships
D) none of the above

Question 71

The Borderline defense mechanism is notable for:

A) repression and distortion
B) gross denial of external reality
C) using humor and sublimation
D) splitting images of others into good and bad

Question 72

Which test is designed expressly for Hispanic persons?

A) T-TAT
B) TEMAS
C) H-TAT
D) none of the above

Question 73

The Children's Apperception Test is designed to assess

A) conflicts
B) anxieties
C) defenses
D) all of the above

Question 74

The Personality Research Form was designed to measure

A) Jungian personality types
B) Freudian personality structures
C) the needs of Henry Murray
D) none of the above

Question 75

The strongest criticism of the Draw-A-Person test is that it

A) does not predict psychological adjustment
B) lacks empirical support
C) poorly screens for behavior and emotional disorders
D) all of the above

Question 76

Regarding validational research, the author of the House-Tree-Person test asserts that

A) the evidence is weakly supportive of the test's validity
B) the evidence is strongy supportive of the test's validity
C) validational research is not possible with this test
D) none of the above

Question 77

Stimuli for the Picture Projective Test are based upon

A) actual photographs taken by the test authors
B) the "Family of Man" photo album
C) a collection of optimistic photographs from Life magazine
D) none of the above

Question 78

Revisions in the R-PAS for managing the number of responses given during the Rorschach administrations include:

A) removing card after 4 responses
B) requesting 4-5 responses before starting the test
C) eliminating the prompt for further responses after the first one
D) stopping the test after 20 responses

Question 79

The TAT is best regarded as an)

A) test
B) method
C) interview
D) none of the above

Question 80

Attempts to validate this test as a personality measure have largely failed.

A) Rorschach
B) Thematic Apperception Test
C) Draw-A-Person
D) Picture Projective Test