Deck 5: Theories and Individual Tests of Intelligence and Achievement

Question 1

Broadly speaking, the experts tend to agree that intelligence is:

A) the capacity to learn from experience
B) the capacity to adapt to one's environment
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Answer 1

C

Question 2

An)_________ definition is one that seeks to tell us the true nature of the thing being defined.

A) constructivist
B) empirical
C) real
D) operational

Answer 2

real

Question 3

The beginning point for every factor analysis is the

A) factor matrix
B) correlation matrix
C) table of factor loadings
D) none of the above

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Statistically speaking, factor loadings are

A) correlation coefficients between variables and factors
B) the intercorrelation between variables
C) the sum total of the matrix loadings
D) a weighted linear sum of the variables

Question 5

"A general ability that involves mainly the eduction of relations and correlates" was the definition of intelligence offered by

A) Spearman
B) Binet & Simon
C) Wechsler
D) Sternberg

Question 6

_________conceptions of intelligence emphasize benevolence, humility, freedom from conventional standards of judgment, and doing what is right.

A) African
B) Latin American
C) Eastern
D) Native American

Question 7

Gardner 1986) defined intelligence as:

A) the ability or skill to solve problems or to fashion products which are valued within one or more cultural settings
B) error-free transmission of information through the cortex
C) the power of good responses from the point of view of truth or fact
D) the capacity to form concepts and to grasp their significance

Question 8

An)___________ definition defines a concept in terms of the way it is measured.

A) constructivist
B) empirical
C) real
D) operational

Question 9

According to the textbook author, a possible problem with contemporary intelligence tests is that they do not

A) emphasize verbal skills sufficiently
B) incorporate culture-free perspectives in test items
C) require to subject to adapt to new situations
D) none of the above

Question 10

The factor matrix consists of a table of correlations called

A) matrix loadings
B) correlation vectors
C) matrix vectors
D) factor loadings

Question 11

"The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with the environment" was the definition of intelligence offered by

A) Spearman
B) Binet & Simon
C) Wechsler
D) Sternberg

Question 12

____________conceptions of intelligence emphasize harmonious and stable intergroup relations.

A) African
B) Latin American
C) Eastern
D) Native American

Question 13

"The mental capacity to automatize information processing and to emit contextually appropriate behavior in response to novelty" was the definition of intelligence offered by

A) Spearman
B) Binet & Simon
C) Wechsler
D) Sternberg

Question 14

In order of importance, experts saw __________--as crucial to intelligence.

A) verbal intelligence, problem-solving ability, and practical intelligence
B) problem-solving ability, practical intelligence, and verbal intelligence
C) practical intelligence, problem-solving ability, and verbal intelligence
D) practical intelligence, verbal intelligence, and problem-solving ability

Question 15

Statistically speaking, a factor is

A) the intercorrelation between variables
B) the sum total of the matrix loadings
C) a weighted linear sum of the variables
D) none of the above

Question 16

The_______ definition of intelligence does not allow for the possibility that new tests or conceptions of intelligence may be superior to old ones.

A) constructivitist
B) empirical
C) real
D) operational

Question 17

What are the two main forms of factor analysis?

A) confirmatory and correlational
B) exploratory and correlational
C) confirmatory and divergent
D) confirmatory and exploratory

Question 18

Social competence as an ingredient of intelligence is emphasized by

A) experts
B) laypersons
C) both experts and laypersons
D) neither experts nor laypersons

Question 19

The purpose of factor analysis is to:

A) help produce a parsimonious description of large, complex data sets
B) discover the correlations that exist between tests or variables
C) produce a larger number of factors from a smaller number of tests or variables
D) none of the above

Question 20

"The ability to judge well, to understand well, to reason well" was the definition of intelligence offered by

A) Spearman
B) Binet & Simon
C) Wechsler
D) Sternberg

Question 21

With oblique axes, the factors are

A) at right angles to one another
B) uncorrelated
C) correlated among themselves
D) none of the above

Question 22

The "sensory keenness" approach to the measurement of intelligence

A) died with Galton and Cattell
B) has modern proponents such as Jensen
C) was discredited by Wechsler
D) is exemplified by most modern instruments

Question 23

A largely nonverbal and relatively culture-reduced form of mental efficiency is

A) fluid intelligence
B) crystallized intelligence
C) general intelligence
D) spatial ability

Question 24

With orthogonal axes, the factors are

A) at right angles to one another
B) uncorrelated
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 25

Who proposed that an examinee's performance on a intelligence test is determined mainly by two influences: g, the pervasive general factor, and s, a factor specific to the test or subtest?

A) Piaget
B) Wechsler
C) Spearman
D) Guilford

Question 26

Vernon's two major group factors are

A) verbal-educational and practical-mechanical
B) verbal-educational and practical-social
C) verbal-social and practical-spatial
D) verbal-social and practical-physical

Question 27

Indices of reaction time correlate as_______ high as with traditional psychometric tests of intelligence.

A) .20
B) .50
C) -.20
D) -.50

Question 28

With_________- rotations, it is also possible to factor analyze the factors themselves.

A) orthogonal
B) oblique
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 29

The view that intelligence consists of about seven primary mental abilities was put forth by

A) Wechsler
B) Sternberg
C) Thurstone
D) Guilford

Question 30

In factor analysis, Comrey rates a sample size of 500 as

A) fair
B) good
C) very good
D) excellent

Question 31

When the factors are factor analyzed, the outcome consists of

A) second-order factors
B) oblique factors
C) orthogonal factors
D) none of the above

Question 32

The analogy "hammer : nail : screwdriver : ?" exemplifies the approach to intelligence favored by

A) Piaget
B) Wechsler
C) Spearman
D) Guilford

Question 33

In producing the final rotated factor matrix, researchers often rely upon

A) the criterion of positive manifold
B) the criterion of simple structure
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 34

In factor analysis, it is desirable to have a minimum of subjects) for each test or variable.

A) 1
B) 5
C) 10
D) 100

Question 35

Which of the following is a primary mental ability?

A) verbal comprehension
B) associative memory
C) perceptual speed
D) all of the above

Question 36

A particular kind of factor can emerge from factor analysis

A) regardless of the kinds of tests used, so long as the number of subjects is very large
B) only if the tests and measures contain that factor in the first place
C) only if the proper kind of factor analysis is selected
D) none of the above

Question 37

The naming of factors depends upon

A) statistical analysis
B) reasoned judgment
C) the name of the test with the highest loading
D) inferring what non-loading tests share in common

Question 38

Spearman's theory of intelligence was

A) derived from factor analysis
B) physiological in emphasis
C) based upon a single general factor
D) all of the above

Question 39

What are marker tests?

A) tests from a larger battery that best depict the major factors
B) tests which have near zero loadings on the major factors
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 40

Which theory proposed that intelligence consists of pervasive Stratum III), broad Stratum II), and narrow abilities Stratum I) that are hierarchically organized?

A) Multiple Intelligence Theory
B) Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory
C) Primary Mental Abilities Theory
D) Structure-of-Intellect Theory

Question 41

In Guilford's system, retrieving from memory items of a specific class, such as naming objects that are both hard and edible, is an example of

A) convergent thinking
B) divergent thinking
C) memory
D) evaluation

Question 42

What ability is the quintessential example of crystallized Intelligence?

A) cognitive-processing speed
B) visual-spatial ability
C) broad memory retrieval
D) breadth of vocabulary

Question 43

_________intelligence is defined as mental activity involved in purposive adaptation to, shaping of, and selection of real-world environments relevant to one's life.

A) Componential
B) Experiential
C) Contextual
D) all of the above

Question 44

Gardner has hypothesized that all of the following intelligences exist EXCEPT

A) linguistic
B) musical
C) bodily-kinesthetic
D) intuitive

Question 45

In an information-processing theory of intelligence, the executive system is akin to

A) computer hardware
B) computer software
C) the computer programmer
D) the architectural system

Question 46

According to Sternberg, a person with good_______ intelligence is able to deal effectively with novel tasks.

A) componential
B) experiential
C) contextual
D) fluid

Question 47

What one has already learned through the investment of fluid intelligence in cultural settings is

A) fluid intelligence
B) crystallized intelligence
C) general intelligence
D) spatial ability

Question 48

According to Gardner 1983), which of the following is a criterion for the existence of a separate intelligence?

A) potential isolation by brain damage
B) distinctive developmental history
C) evolutionary plausibility
D) all of the above

Question 49

Compared to his predecessors, Guilford's approach to the study of intelligence placed a greater emphasis upon

A) a large number of factors of intelligence
B) the role of creativity in intelligence
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 50

A test question such as "List as many consequences as possible if clouds had strings hanging down from them" is an index of

A) convergent thinking
B) divergent thinking
C) memory
D) evaluation

Question 51

According to Sternberg, the ability to leave the environment we are in and to find a different environment more suitable to our talents and needs is known as

A) selection
B) meta-cognition
C) componential reasoning
D) adaptation

Question 52

A mentally deficient individual who has a highly developed talent in a single area is known as an)

A) savant
B) developmentally disabled person
C) mentally deficient person
D) none of the above

Question 53

_______work led to a general theory of information-processing which includes two primary mental operations: simultaneous processing and successive processing.

A) Luria's
B) Gardner's
C) Thurstone's
D) Sternberg's

Question 54

The______ refers to environmentally-learned components that steer problem solving and provide overall guidance to the functional components.

A) architectural system
B) executive system
C) operations system
D) neurocognition system

Question 55

___________-intelligence consists of the internal mental mechanisms that are responsible for intelligent behavior.

A) Componential
B) Experiential
C) Contextual
D) all of the above

Question 56

According to Gardner, personal intelligence is

A) intrapersonal
B) interpersonal
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 57

The _________refers to biologically-based properties necessary for information processing, such as memory span and speed encoding/decoding information.

A) architectural system
B) executive system
C) operations system
D) neurocognition system

Question 58

In Guilford's model,_________ refer to the nature of the materials or information presented to the examinee.

A) operations
B) contents
C) products
D) factors

Question 59

In total, Guilford identified _________factors of intellect.

A) 50
B) 100
C) 150
D) 250

Question 60

The capacity to quickly press the space bar whenever the letter X appears on a computer screen would involve the use of what broad factor of intelligence?

A) cognitive processing speed
B) decision/reaction time
C) fluid intelligence
D) visual-spatial ability

Question 61

The_______ subtest has the highest correlation with overall IQ.

A) Comprehension
B) Similarities
C) Vocabulary
D) Information

Question 62

The Successive component of the Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive PASS) theory refers to:

A) the selection, usage, and monitoring of effective problem solutions
B) the execution of multiple processes at the same time
C) the execution of multiple process in a proper sequence
D) the choosing of some stimuli while ignoring other stimuli

Question 63

For large, heterogeneous samples, scores on any two mainstream intelligence testing instruments

A) .10 to .20
B) .30 to .40
C) .60 to .70
D) .80 to .90
E)g. Wechsler, Stanford-Binet, McCarthy, Kaufman scale) typically correlate

Question 64

Suppose that you observe that you are having more trouble learning X than learning Y. In the language of information-processing theories, this is an example of

A) state-dependent learning
B) memory limitations
C) hardware limitations
D) metacognition

Question 65

Performance on this subtest may be affected by anxiety or fatigue, and many clinicians have noted that patients hospitalized for medical or psychiatric reasons frequently perform poorly on it.

A) Vocabulary
B) Digit Span
C) Picture Completion
D) Comprehension

Question 66

Wechsler's purpose in dividing his scales into verbal and performance sections was to use his test in

A) hemispheric lateralization
B) educational assessment
C) vocational guidance
D) psychiatric diagnosis

Question 67

Typically, the Wechsler tests contain how many subtests?

A) 2
B) 5-6
C) 14-15
D) 18

Question 68

Wechsler defined intelligence as

A) the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment
B) the ability to judge well, to act well, and to reason well
C) high level reasoning in the service of everyday life
D) the ability to solve problems or fashion solutions that are valued in one or more cultural contexts

Question 69

For the Wechsler tests, the standard deviation of IQ is always

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 70

Which formulas) depict how Wechsler computed IQs?

A) IQ = mental age/chronological age
B) IQ = attained score/expected mean score for age
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 71

In the information-processing approach to intelligence, schemes rules of thinking) are an example of

A) the executive system
B) the architectural system
C) metacognition
D) hardware

Question 72

Next to Binet and Simon, the one individual who has had the greatest influence upon the testing of individual intelligence is

A) Terman
B) Guilford
C) Wechsler
D) Thurstone

Question 73

In his theory of multiple intelligences, Gardner 1998) has recently proposed three new forms of intelligence. Which of the below is NOT one of these recent additions which are less well-validated?

A) spiritual intelligence
B) existential intelligence
C) naturalistic intelligence
D) musical intelligence

Question 74

Wechsler's first intelligence test was based upon the assumptions) that

A) IQ remains constant with normal aging
B) raw intellectual ability may decline with age
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 75

The first Wechsler test was the__________ , designed for the assessment of_______ .

A) Wechsler-Bellevue, adults
B) Wechsler-Bellevue, children
C) Wechsler Intelligence Scale, children
D) Wechsler Intelligence Scale, adults

Question 76

Factual knowledge of persons, places, and common phenomena is tested by the________ subtest.

A) Comprehension
B) Similarities
C) Picture Completion
D) Information

Question 77

Wechsler believed that the following conditions) gave rise to a test pattern of verbal greater than performance IQ:

A) organic brain disease
B) psychoses
C) emotional disorders
D) all of the above

Question 78

What are the latest versions of the Wechsler intelligence tests?

A) WPPS-III, WISC-IV, and WAIS-IV
B) WASC-IV and the WPPS-III
C) KBIT-2, KABC-II, and WISC-IV
D) WISC-IV, WASC-IV, and KBIT-2

Question 79

Indirectly, this subtest measures learning and memory skills insofar as subjects must retain knowledge gained from formal and informal educational opportunities in order to answer the items.

A) Comprehension
B) Similarities
C) Vocabulary
D) Information

Question 80

In developing his intelligence tests, Wechsler

A) was an innovator who invented many new subtests
B) used old subtests and newly created subtests in about equal number
C) borrowed heavily from existing instruments for most subtests
D) started from scratch with a completely new conception of intelligence