Deck 40: Modern Science and its Implications

Question 1

One of the most disturbing aspects of modern specialized scientific study is that

A) the ordinary person can never truly comprehend what goes on in a scientist's mind.
B) science has become so specialized that not enough people choose that field, thus eroding the number of discoveries made.
C) students in our public schools and universities find it very difficult to break into the field of science at all.
D) because the field of science is so advanced member of Congress who have the oversight of federal tax dollars might fund something dangerous without knowing what they are doing.
E) None of the options are correct.

Answer 1

because the field of science is so advanced member of Congress who have the oversight of federal tax dollars might fund something dangerous without knowing what they are doing.

Question 2

Darwin's theory of natural selection suggests that

A) people choose their life partners based on mutual respect and a shared background.
B) people naturally choose to live where they can be most comfortable.
C) there is no need for protecting certain species; if they are strong enough to survive they will, and if they are not strong enough, the earth does not need them.
D) animals are able to adapt to changes more easily than are plants.
E) plants adapt to change easier than do animals.

Answer 2

there is no need for protecting certain species; if they are strong enough to survive they will, and if they are not strong enough, the earth does not need them.

Question 3

Alfred R.Wallace and Gregor Mendel contributed to

A) Ernst Mach's work in physics.
B) Darwin's theory of natural selection.
C) Einstein's work on space as a fourth dimension.
D) Newton's theory known as the "uncertainty principle."
E) Marie Curie's laboratory experiments with radium.

Answer 3

Darwin's theory of natural selection.

Question 4

All of the following are true of twentieth-century physics EXCEPT

A) has fulfilled the dreams of earlier physicists to unlock the mysteries of the universe.
B) has contributed to a widening gap between educated laypeople and professional scientists.
C) has led to a number of unsettling results.
D) has resulted in policymakers approving items they do not understand.
E) None of the options are correct.

Question 5

Freud believed that he had completed the destruction of the traditional view of mankind begun by

A) Copernicus and Darwin.
B) Aristotle and Comte.
C) Newton and Darwin.
D) Darwin and Marx.
E) Aristotle and Newton.

Question 6

Analyze the ways in which religion has responded to the challenges of science.How effective has religion been in facing these challenges?

Question 7

Compare and contrast significant changes in the fields of biology,physics and astronomy.

Question 8

His General Theory of Relativity ended the dominance of Newtonian physics:

A) Rutherford
B) Planck
C) Mach
D) Einstein
E) Roentgen

Question 9

Mach's most significant contribution to 20?? century physics pertained to

A) quantum theory.
B) X-rays.
C) the Uncertainty Principle.
D) the theory of relativity.
E) interchangeability of matter and energy.

Question 10

The underlying concept behind 20?? century physics is that

A) man can know only what his senses tell him.
B) it is possible to predict the possibility of certain events occurring through the study of physics.
C) the world is a machine that will continue to operate regardless of what humans do.
D) it is impossible to apply philosophical logic to physical matter.
E) by studying matter quantitatively, one should be able to determine what matter is and does.

Question 11

The most significant debate in astronomy today concerns

A) the possibility of life on other planets.
B) how the universe was created.
C) how life on earth will end.
D) whether space travel should be undertaken.
E) the size of the universe.

Question 12

Compare and contrast significant changes in the fields of anthropology,sociology,and psychology.

Question 13

Have the physical or social sciences seen the most change and which do you consider the most significant?

Question 14

Compare and contrast the contributions of Joseph Lister and Sigmund Freud.

Question 15

Modern insecurity and uncertainty have been most emphatically advanced by

A) sociology and anthropology.
B) psychology and physics.
C) religion and archaeology.
D) politics and economics.
E) sociology and physics.

Question 16

During the first half of the 20?? century,

A) scientific and mathematical theory caught up with and surpassed the arts in public schools.
B) Western universities spent millions of dollars racing each other to develop new technology.
C) Studying about and trying to explain the process of human life became much more accessible for the ordinary person.
D) universities in the West gained recognition as the intellectual centers of the world.
E) as the sciences became more specialized, they became more difficult for the lay person to understand.

Question 17

Discuss the malaise of the 20?? century.

Question 18

Pavlov's earliest work in behaviorism was done with

A) dogs.
B) cats.
C) children.
D) monkeys.
E) rats.

Question 19

In the Darwinian scheme,God was to be

A) affirmed.
B) ignored.
C) considered supreme.
D) denied.
E) downgraded.

Question 20

The heart of the Darwinian theory was the notion of

A) natural selection.
B) a mechanistic God.
C) racial superiority.
D) secularism.
E) atheism.

Question 21

Which of these disciplines developed,if indirectly,because of Darwinian biology?

A) Anthropology
B) Sociology
C) Psychology
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) Both B and C are correct.

Question 22

Which of the following statements about 19?? century religion is accurate?

A) The church's most faithful followers were urban conservatives.
B) Intellectuals rejected the claim of the clergy that, because of their religious work, they were closer to a higher being than most people.
C) Marxists believed that religion had a minor role to play while socialism first gained a foothold.
D) Liberals began to assert forcefully that God was dead.
E) The largest group to remain true to the Christian faith was the middle class.

Question 23

In the encyclical,Rerum novarum,the Catholic Church affirmed its support of

A) laissez-faire in thought.
B) creationism in schools.
C) liberalism in politics.
D) social justice for all classes.
E) labor unions for factory workers.

Question 24

Einstein asserted that time itself was not an independent concept,but rather a(n)____________________ of space.

Question 25

The philosophy behind the briefly popular Social Darwinism practiced in the late 1800s and early 1900s could best be summed up in which of these statements?

A) "If it works to our benefit, we will use it."
B) "He who dies with the most toys wins."
C) "Cast your bread upon the waters."
D) "Don't rock the boat."
E) "Live and let live."

Question 26

Cultural relativism asserts that

A) there is no one correct way to accomplish something; many cultures have succeeded and do succeed in different ways.
B) most cultures believe that their methods are the only correct ones.
C) all cultural traits are inherited.
D) it is not necessary to belong to a culture to be able to understand that culture.
E) most people know relatively little about their ancestors and, furthermore, they don't care to know.

Question 27

Auguste Comte believed that

A) sociology was less important than psychology.
B) sociology was the social science that would bring the greatest concrete changes to society.
C) Karl Marx was the greatest 19th century figure.
D) sociology was the culmination of all the sciences.
E) truth could not be obtained without using the senses.

Question 28

The ____________________ theory proposes that a colossal explosion was involved in creating the universe.

Question 29

Cultural relativism is a rejection of

A) anything not European.
B) the new sciences.
C) European ethnocentrism.
D) all religion.
E) All of the options are correct.

Question 30

During the 19?? century,both Catholics and Protestants were often viewed as

A) too passionate about spreading their faith.
B) too pessimistic in their views about the future.
C) unpleasant anti-progressives.
D) on the cutting edge of using new technologies.
E) thoughtful ethicists willing to adopt new ideas.

Question 31

Freud's theories of psychology

A) encouraged the belief in rational planning as an answer to misery.
B) were supported most ardently in his home city of Vienna.
C) were thought to be insulting by many of his colleagues.
D) were based on the study of behavior of animals.
E) built on Darwin's theories of evolution.

Question 32

The British Christians who did not accept the Anglican credo were known as

A) Unitarians.
B) Methodists.
C) Quakers.
D) Nonconformists.
E) Each of these groups rejected Anglicanism.

Question 33

In his book ____________________,Darwin placed human beings right in the midst of the evolutionary scheme.

Question 34

The Uncertainty Principle refers to modern

A) psychology.
B) physics.
C) history.
D) economics.
E) sociology.

Question 35

The eventual result of Bismarck's attacks on the Catholic Church was

A) a stronger church.
B) an increase in church membership.
C) the banding together of various religious groups to fight his attacks.
D) a decline in the number on the church rolls, because many Germans no longer felt a need for religion.
E) the establishment of a political party founded by the Church.

Question 36

B.F.Skinner and William James worked during the 20?? century to supplement and expound on the studies of

A) Marie Curie.
B) Ivan Pavlov.
C) Carl Jung.
D) Sigmund Freud.
E) Herbert Spencer.

Question 37

Sociology is based on the premise that

A) humans are social animals whose behavior can be studied to the point of predicting future behavior.
B) if one studied social behavior sufficiently, one could figure out how to alter behavior in positive ways.
C) all humans are capable of distinguishing between right and wrong, if the right approach is used with each individual.
D) the study of anthropology will help one predict future human social behavior.
E) the best reason for studying humanity en masse is to determine which social groups are most compatible with each other.

Question 38

Ernest Rutherford's discoveries included ____________________ and ____________________.

Question 39

Which of the following was true for most churches in the later years of the 1800s?

A) The Catholic peasants in France, grateful for their improved lifestyle, attended church regularly.
B) One of the few pleasures of the European working class was attending church services on their one day off.
C) Marxists, though they did not see any need for religion, also saw no reason to disrupt church services just to make a point.
D) Because of the various attacks on the churches, many members of the middle classes were no longer tithing and had little respect for the local clergy.
E) Unlike the English, the French urban workers felt that being a part of an organized church was extremely important.

Question 40

The civic culture of both America and the European continent underwent a major change by the late 1800s,as many educated people

A) unexpectedly began to join evangelical churches.
B) decided in favor of state-run educational systems rather than religious training for their young.
C) joined political parties that had religious agendas.
D) began to attend church regularly again after years of being in services only sporadically.
E) removed their children from the public schools and enrolled them in schools run by the various religious denominations.

Question 41

____________________ founded the Behaviorist school of psychology.

Question 42

A notable feature of social sciences in the 20?? century has been the spread of ____________________ relativism.

Question 43

Mendel's work with ____________________ contributed to the development of the study of ____________________.

Question 44

____________________ hold to the Christian belief that an Intelligent Being created the cosmos and all within it.

Question 45

Freud's theories of psychiatric treatment of mental problems is known as ____________________.

Question 46

British ____________________ were Protestants who did not accept the credo of the Anglican Church.