Deck 11: Self-Actualization and Self-Determination

Question 1

Brian tells Amy that he will only continue to love her if she stops working too many hours. He is providing her with:

A) conditional acceptance.
B) conditional positive regard.
C) conditional statements of reinforcement.
D) unconditional negative regard.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Rogers, after years of having conditions of worth applied to us by others, we:

A) start to apply them to those around us.
B) learn to ignore them and start applying our own standards.
C) pretend (but fail) to ignore them.
D) start to apply them to ourselves.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In Rogers' view, people have a strong need to experience___________ , which is the respect, love, and friendship of others.

A) positive reinforcement
B) conditional acceptance
C) positive regard
D) expectancies of worth

Answer 3

positive regard

Question 4

Conditions of worth and conditional regard have the effect of:

A) making people depressed.
B) making people anxious.
C) altering behavior to fit in with the desires of others.
D) facilitating a person's goal of self-actualization.

Question 5

People engage in some activities because they find the activities intrinsically interesting. Such activities are said to be:

A) self-determined.
B) self-rationalized.
C) self-actualized.
D) explicitly motivated.

Question 6

Affection with no strings attached is referred to as:

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) primary affection.
C) actualized regard.
D) true love.

Question 7

___________was Rogers's term for the tendency of each person to develop capabilities that maintain or enhance the self.

A) Self-actualization
B) Self-realization
C) Self-conceptualization
D) Self-fulfillment

Question 8

Humanistic psychology has the following goal:

A) to help people confront their unconscious desires
B) to help people recognize their inherent goodness
C) to help people "unlearn" unhealthy behaviors that have been conditioned in them
D) none of the above

Question 9

___________is more important than ____________, according to Rogers.

A) Self-actualization, matters of life and death
B) Fulfilling conditions of worth, unconditional positive regard
C) Unconditional positive regard, self-actualization
D) Self-actualization, fulfilling conditions of worth

Question 10

Crocker and colleagues have argued that people have ___________of self-worth.

A) failures
B) trials
C) contingencies
D) artifacts

Question 11

Someone engaged in self-actualization is said to be:

A) socially integrated.
B) a fully-feeling person.
C) a fully-functioning person.
D) a rational actor.

Question 12

The organismic valuing process refers to the:

A) evaluation of experiences in terms of how threatening they are.
B) interpretation of experiences as potentially important or valuable.
C) evaluation of experiences in terms of how actualizing they are.
D) interpretation of experiences as endangering one's existing constructs.

Question 13

Self-actualization promotes ___________within the person.

A) separateness
B) positive regard
C) congruence
D) conditions of worth

Question 14

According to Deci and Ryan, accomplishments are satisfying:

A) no matter why they occur.
B) only if you do them without anyone's help.
C) only if you feel a sense of self-determination in your effort.
D) all of the above

Question 15

Medical students who thought their professors were supportive of their own autonomy:

A) became more autonomous in their own learning.
B) felt more competent in the skills they were learning.
C) were more supportive of others' autonomy.
D) all of the above

Question 16

Humanistic psychology is based on the assumption that:

A) everyone has the potential for growth and development.
B) reality is the same for all of humanity.
C) people are victims of circumstance.
D) all of the above

Question 17

Identified regulation happens when a person's behavior is:

A) informational.
B) self-determined.
C) controlling.
D) none of the above

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic needs proposed by Deci & Ryan?

A) actualization
B) autonomy
C) competence
D) relatedness

Question 19

Introjected regulation happens when a:

A) person's behavior is self-determined.
B) person treats a value as a "want."
C) person treats a value as a "should."
D) none of the above

Question 20

A major figure in humanistic psychology is:

A) B.F. Skinner.
B) Carl Rogers.
C) William Rogers.
D) Henry Murray.

Question 21

Rogers distinguishes between the___________ self and the ___________self:

A) actual, perceived
B) actual, ideal
C) real, imagined
D) standard, ideal

Question 22

Which of the following is true of the needs for autonomy and relatedness?

A) Whereas people need both, the two needs are often incompatible.
B) The need for relatedness is stronger than the need for autonomy.
C) Satisfaction of both needs relate independently to well-being.
D) all of the above

Question 23

Self-actualizers tend to:

A) appreciate results rather than the process of doing things.
B) form deep ties with many people.
C) at times appear temperamental and ruthless.
D) all of the above

Question 24

Wegner's research has led him to suggest that:

A) all humans have free will.
B) free will develops around age 2.
C) free will develops around age 5.
D) free will is an illusion.

Question 25

Maslow believed that self-actualizers:

A) are all so different that they share few similarities.
B) are almost always artistic (e.g., painters, musicians, or writers).
C) identify strongly with a subset of humanity.
D) share several characteristics.

Question 26

At the___________ level of Maslow's hierarchy, the needs begin to have more "social" qualities.

A) self-actualization
B) esteem
C) safety
D) love and belonging

Question 27

Rogers asserts that anxiety will be produced when there is a:

A) lack of correspondence between the ideal self and the actual self.
B) lack of correspondence between the real self and the perceived self.
C) imminent threat to one's personal constructs.
D) secondary appraisal of inability to cope.

Question 28

Peak experiences:

A) are moments of intense self-actualizing.
B) can be negative experiences.
C) occur only among people who have been congruent for some time.
D) all of the above

Question 29

Jill really wants to do well on her psychology exam the next day but fears that she will not. So, the night before she goes out drinking with friends instead of studying. She may be engaging in:

A) self-reactance.
B) self-handicapping.
C) self-depreciation.
D) self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 30

___________spent most of his career trying to understand what enabled people to become fully-functioning persons.

A) Maslow
B) Freud
C) Skinner
D) Deci

Question 31

If a need develops at a lower level of Maslow's pyramid while you are trying to satisfy a higher-level need:

A) your attention is split between the higher- and lower-level needs.
B) your attention is pulled downward, away from the higher-level need.
C) your attention remains with the higher-level need.
D) most of your attention remains at the higher level; the rest is divided among each of the lower-level needs.

Question 32

Concerns about maintaining self-esteem depend upon two considerations, one of which is that an esteem-relevant event:

A) occurs for reasons outside one's control
B) must be neither good nor bad
C) must be either good or bad
D) must be attributable to an external cause

Question 33

According to Rogers, people defend themselves against the perception of disorganization by:

A) using denial.
B) rationalizing.
C) distorting experience.
D) all of the above

Question 34

According to Rogers, the self:

A) exists at birth.
B) is relatively fixed.
C) doesn't really exist.
D) never reaches an end state.

Question 35

Maslow distinguished between:

A) promotion-based and prevention-based motives.
B) approach and avoidance motives.
C) growth-based and deficiency-based motives.
D) physical and spiritual motives.

Question 36

People tend to blame failures on things beyond their control:

A) when the event is important, but not when it's unimportant.
B) whether the event is important or not.
C) when others witnessed the failure directly.
D) when others have not witnessed the failure directly.

Question 37

According to Maslow, higher-order needs differ from lower-order needs in that higher- order needs:

A) involve qualities that are more social in nature.
B) are more distinctly human and less animalistic.
C) represent growth-based motives.
D) all of the above

Question 38

According to Maslow's hierarchy, the correct order of needs, beginning with the most basic, is:

A) physiological - love - safety - esteem - self-actualization
B) physiological - esteem - safety - love - self-actualization
C) physiological - safety - love - esteem - self-actualization
D) physiological - safety - esteem - love - self-actualization

Question 39

The needs forming the base of Maslow's hierarchy are:

A) physiological.
B) instinctual.
C) self-actualization.
D) safety.

Question 40

If I am told I must do something that I thought I was free to do or not, and then turn around and do the opposite, I am engaging in:

A) competence.
B) reactance.
C) freedom reassertion.
D) shaping.

Question 41

Terror management starts with the proposition that:

A) awareness of one's own death leads to angst.
B) it is failure to control fears that leads to problematic behavior.
C) people respond to terror by avoiding anything with meaning or value.
D) none of the above

Question 42

In the context of client-centered therapy, clarification of feelings refers to the:

A) therapist asking questions to learn about the client.
B) therapist showing clients unconditional positive regard.
C) client correcting the therapist when the therapist misunderstands his or her feelings.
D) therapist repeating the client's emotional comments in different words.

Question 43

Peak experiences are similar to Csikszentmihalyi's concept of:

A) the out-of-body experience.
B) rush.
C) flow.
D) the zone.

Question 44

One drawback to interviews is that:

A) they are only good for comprehensive assessments.
B) they are not flexible enough.
C) the interviewer's verbal behavior can make large differences in what people say.
D) clients are indiscriminately self-disclosing.

Question 45

Research on terror management theory has revealed that mortality salience makes people:

A) behave more altruistically, but only in service of their own worldview.
B) think of themselves as distinct from animals.
C) create romance around sex to make it seem less animalistic.
D) all of the above

Question 46

People who use success in certain domains as a precondition for self-acceptance are said to have contingent self-worth.

Question 47

Humanistic psychology takes the position that every single person has the potential for growth and development.

Question 48

The instrument developed by Shostrom to assess qualities of self-actualization is called the:

A) Survey of Peak Experiences or SPE.
B) Personal Orientation Inventory or POI.
C) Self-Congruity Scale or SCS.
D) none of the above

Question 49

The Q-sort:

A) involves categorizing a number of separate, unrelated responses.
B) involves sorting statements according to how you think you are.
C) only includes self-evaluative statements.
D) measures the degree to which people are self-actualizing.

Question 50

The fully-functioning person is a particular kind of person

Question 51

Restatement of content is similar to clarification of feelings EXCEPT that restatement of content:

A) is more focused.
B) is slightly more directive.
C) is more intellectual.
D) generally takes less time.

Question 52

The concept dasein implies:

A) that people have no existence apart from the world.
B) that the world has meaning apart from the people in it.
C) the person's experience of the self as interdependent and connected.
D) all of the above

Question 53

Existential guilt arises:

A) over failure to fulfill all of your possibilities in life.
B) because one can never really be close to others.
C) when people aren't aware of the importance of self-determination.
D) when people spend too much time thinking and not enough time doing.

Question 54

___________is the key to the Rogerian therapy process.

A) Conditional positive regard
B) Unconditional positive regard
C) Conditional self-regard
D) Organismic valuing

Question 55

According to existential psychologists, awareness of the inevitability of death evokes a sense of:

A) reactance.
B) angst.
C) existential guilt.
D) wish fulfillment.

Question 56

Seeking positive regard can get in the way of self-actualization

Question 57

Although his ideas were crucial to phenomenological psychology, Rogers' work is relatively unimportant to humanistic psychology.

Question 58

Actualization applies to physical systems in addition to psychological systems.

Question 59

Humanistic psychologists feel that people with the following kinds of lives can benefit from processes that occur in therapy:

A) problematic
B) average
C) very good
D) all of the above
True and False

Question 60

Rogers referred to the conditions under which a person is judged to be worthy as conditions of worth.

Question 61

Rewards often imply that our actions are not self-determined.

Question 62

For self-handicapping to be successful, the person using it must be aware of using it

Question 63

People who feel that mentors are supporting their own autonomy behave in ways that foster the autonomy of others.

Question 64

Esteem needs include a sense of appreciation from others.

Question 65

Self-handicapping is behaving in such a way as to produce a failure.

Question 66

People tend to blame failures on external agents only when the event is important, not when it is trivial.

Question 67

Wegner has suggested that free will is an illusion.

Question 68

Self-actualization reflects a greater congruence between the actual and ideal selves

Question 69

Pressures that lead to identified behavior stem from the desire to be accepted and guilt.

Question 70

In identified regulation, the person has come to value the relevant behavior as meaningful.

Question 71

Rogers defined the actual self as who a person is in an objective sense.

Question 72

When a person believes there is a threat to his or her freedom, reactance tends to occur.

Question 73

One of the needs described by Deci and Ryan is the need for competence

Question 74

Physiological needs form the base of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Question 75

According to Deci and Ryan, the three fundamental needs are for autonomy, relatedness, and actualization.

Question 76

In order for an event to raise concerns about maintaining self-esteem, it must be attributable to you.

Question 77

The need for autonomy means being separate from others.

Question 78

Although Wegner has suggested otherwise, there is widespread consensus amongst personality psychologists that human beings have free will.

Question 79

The needs at the top of Maslow's hierarchy are more intense than those at the bottom.

Question 80

According to Rogers, the self never reaches an end state, even for people who are self-actualized.