Deck 11: Emotions and the Individual

Question 1

The Strange Situation elicits a great deal of anger and an unwillingness to be comforted in children who have a(n) ________________ attachment with their caregiver.

A) interdependent
B) disorganized
C) ambivalent
D) avoidant

Answer 1

ambivalent

Question 2

How does marital conflict relate to behavior problems in children?

A) Marital conflict, when it is constructive, can actually aid children's social adjustment.
B) Angry conflict between parents makes children less likely to express anger to their peers.
C) Children who do not witness marital conflict are more likely to experience marital conflict in their adult lives than children who routinely observed marital conflict when growing up.
D) All of the above.

Answer 2

Marital conflict, when it is constructive, can actually aid children's social adjustment.

Question 3

Bowlby theorized that children's emotional interactions with caregivers lead them to build an internal working model of relationships. This is a mental model, or set of beliefs, of what to expect in:

A) intimate relationships.
B) peer-to-peer relationships.
C) relationships with a superior.
D) relationships with a family member.

Answer 3

intimate relationships.

Question 4

Izard (1971, 1977) refers to individual differences in emotion as:

A) temperaments.
B) mood biases.
C) e-motives.
D) affective-cognitive structures.

Question 5

A longitudinal study in Germany by Asendorpf, Denissen and van Aken (2008) followed children aged 4 to 6 years old until they were 23. Researchers were interested in whether childhood emotionality translates to adulthood and how it may impact an individual's relationship and occupational status in adulthood. The key finding from this study suggests that emotionality in childhood:

A) does not predict emotionality, relationship or occupational status in adulthood.
B) predicts how long it will take an individual to enter into their first stable romantic relationship as an adult but not how long it will take them to find their first full-time job.
C) predicts how long it will take an individual to find their first full-time job but not how long it will take them to enter into their first stable romantic relationship as an adult.
D) predicts how long it will take an individual to enter into their first stable romantic relationship as an adult as well as how long it will take them to find their first full-time job.

Question 6

Reflective functioning is a term that was coined by Peter Fonagy. It is defined as:

A) the ability to recognize and treat an infant as having his or her own desires, thoughts, and intentions.
B) a moment-by-moment synchronization of the timing of a parent's behaviors to those of their child.
C) the ability for a parent to consider their own internal mental experiences (for instance childhood memories), and to use these experiences to create both a physical and psychological experience of comfort and safety for their child.
D) contingent responding that allows for the co-construction of the parent-child relationship.

Question 7

Parents can advance children's understanding of the mind and emotions by talking about the mind at a more advanced level than the child's independent ability. In this way parents can deepen their children's emotional understanding. This is called:

A) scaffolding
B) emotion coaching
C) reflective functioning
D) modeling

Question 8

Milkie and Warner (2011) showed that children being taught in negative environments have more learning, externalizing, interpersonal and internalizing problems. In this study, negative environments were characterized as classrooms _________________ and with teachers who ______________.

A) lacking a structured daily schedule; frequently express anger.
B) with few material resources; are disrespected by colleagues.
C) that are overcrowded; have lost control of the class.
D) that are too structured; emphasize standardized tests.

Question 9

The hostile attribution bias is a tendency demonstrated by __________ who ___________.

A) fearful individuals; see the ambiguous actions of a stranger as threatening.
B) angry individuals; see the ambiguous actions of a stranger as antagonistic.
C) Eastern Europeans; underestimate the intensity of felt emotion that accompanies an expression of anger.
D) South Asians; overestimate the intensity of felt emotion that accompanies an expression of anger.

Question 10

A high degree of sibling intimacy between brothers is linked with:

A) decreases in depression symptoms in both brothers.
B) increases in peer competence in both brothers.
C) an accelerated rate of verbal learning in the younger sibling only.
D) increases in socio-emotional problem solving skills in the older sibling only.

Question 11

Parental responsiveness and parental sensitivity are said to be high in a mother who is:

A) alert to dangers in her child's surroundings.
B) quick to offer praise when her child shows generosity to others.
C) good at identifying her child's emotions and responds appropriately to them.
D) reactive, irascible and impatient.

Question 12

According to David Kenny's Social Relations Model an individual's partner effect is the extent to which:

A) they express the same emotions to different family members.
B) their emotional expressions elicit the same emotional responses from different family members.
C) they respond sympathetically to the negative emotions expressed by another person.
D) they imitate the emotions expressed by members of an out-group.

Question 13

All but which one of the following is true about the Big Five model of personality (John, Naumann, & Soto, 2008; McCrae & Costa, 2008) and emotionality?

A) Neuroticism is a bias toward making negative appraisals, especially those that promote fear, anxiety, anger, sadness, and guilt.
B) Love and compassion are the two components of positive emotionality that are most strongly related to Extraversion.
C) Extraversion is related to a perceived ability to maintain positive emotions
D) People who are low in Agreeableness respond more favorably to leaders who are angry than to those expressing positive emotions.

Question 14

Strong emotions can tip us over into a new way of being. Oatley and Djikic (2002) argued that ___________ are most likely to cause the polyhedron of personality to tip onto a new face.

A) personal events
B) events tied to a significant relationship in one's life
C) large social upheavals
D) all of the above.

Question 15

According to David Kenny's Social Relations Model an individual's actor effect is the extent to which:

A) they respond sympathetically to the negative emotions expressed by another person.
B) they imitate the emotions expressed by members of an out-group.
C) their emotional expressions elicit the same emotional responses from different family members.
D) they express the same emotions to different family members.

Question 16

In their experience and expression of emotions, parents teach children about what emotions are acceptable and how to express and regulate them. Which one of the following is not one of the three processes thought to be involved in this kind of observational learning of emotionality?

A) goal emulation
B) modeling
C) social referencing
D) emotion contagion

Question 17

Parents who are classified as Dismissive display a bias when they encounter infants who are expressing negative emotions. Specifically, these parents are likely to:

A) experience a negative physiological response to negative infant emotion.
B) evaluate an infant's negative emotional expressions as aversive and threatening.
C) experience a fear of being rejected by the infant, a negative emotion stemming from their own attachment history.
D) all of the above.