Deck 8: Cognitive Approaches to Learning

Question 1

Donald needs to learn a list of vocabulary words. His studying method involves repeating the words and their definitions over and over to himself. Which memory technique is Donald using?

A) chunking
B) elaborative rehearsal
C) maintenance rehearsal
D) procedural rehearsal

Answer 1

maintenance rehearsal

Question 2

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

A) 4 to 7 items
B) 5 to 9 items
C) 7 to 10 items
D) 10 to 12 items

Answer 2

5 to 9 items

Question 3

This memory technique involves taking the information to be learned and trying to associate it with other things you know, or trying to associate various items of the to-be-learned information.

A) chunking
B) elaborative rehearsal
C) maintenance rehearsal
D) procedural rehearsal

Answer 3

elaborative rehearsal

Question 4

Jonathan looks up a phone number in the phone book. In order to remember it while he dials it, he repeats the number over and over to himself. Jonathan must continuously repeat the number because he is using which memory system?

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) episodic memory
D) sensory memory

Question 5

Which of the following are the two main categories of long-term memories?

A) procedural and episodic
B) semantic and declarative
C) declarative and procedural
D) episodic and semantic

Question 6

Capable of holding relatively large amounts of information for brief moments of time.

A) chunks
B) long-term memory
C) short-term memory
D) sensory memory

Question 7

Capable of holding relatively limited amounts of information for a matter of seconds.

A) chunks
B) long-term memory
C) short-term memory
D) sensory memory

Question 8

The ways in which knowledge is stored in memory.

A) mental representations
B) chunking
C) procedural
D) episodic

Question 9

Chrissie loves to play with sparklers. She enjoys writing her name and creating designs with them in the air. The trail of light Chrissie sees is really only a byproduct of which memory system?

A) chunks
B) long-term memory
C) short-term memory
D) sensory memory

Question 10

Knowing that George Washington was the first president of the United States is part of which memory system?

A) procedural
B) episodic
C) short-term
D) declarative

Question 11

Learning through repetition with little attempt to add or find meaning in the information, is sometimes known as

A) chunking.
B) elaborative rehearsal.
C) procedural rehearsal.
D) rote learning.

Question 12

Any relatively permanent change in thought or behavior that occurs as a result of experience.

A) cognition
B) maturation
C) learning
D) context

Question 13

Very Large, possibly unlimited capacity; it is capable of storing information for very long periods of time, possibly indefinitely.

A) chunks
B) long-term memory
C) short-term memory
D) sensory memory

Question 14

Gaining access to information stored in memory.

A) retrieval
B) encoding
C) storage
D) chunking

Question 15

Transforming a sensory input into some kind of representation that you can place into memory.

A) storage
B) encoding
C) retrieval
D) chunking

Question 16

Learning spaced out over several learning sessions.

A) distributed learning
B) chunking
C) rote learning
D) massed learning

Question 17

How much you learn typically depends on how much time you spend studying. This important principle of learning is known as which of the following?

A) maintenance
B) elaborative rehearsal
C) temporal contiguity
D) total-time hypothesis

Question 18

Jonathan looks up a phone number in the phone book. In order to remember it while he dials it, he repeats the number over and over to himself. Jonathan's continuous repetition of the number is termed _______.

A) rehearsal
B) chunking
C) priming
D) sensing

Question 19

Learning that is crammed, occurring all at one time.

A) distributed learning
B) chunking
C) rote learning
D) massed learning

Question 20

How do you explain the fact that some people can hold 20 or more items in short-term memory?

A) They've had training.
B) They're more intelligent.
C) They use chunking.
D) They are cheating.

Question 21

Ms. Campbell's sixth graders were assigned to learn about the turn of the century and the world's fair in San Francisco by deciding which exhibits at the fair they would have enjoyed most and which they would have enjoyed least. The technique Ms. Campbell chose took advantage of which of the following?

A) self-reference effect
B) acoustic processing
C) chunking
D) physical processing

Question 22

Knowing how to tell time according to the position of the sun is an example of which of the following?

A) procedural memory
B) episodic memory
C) short-term memory
D) declarative memory

Question 23

Declarative memories that rely on arbitrary symbols that bear no obvious relation to whatever is being represented.

A) dual-traces
B) mental imagery
C) analogical representations
D) symbolic representations

Question 24

This type of memory holds the most recently activated portion of long-term memory, and it moves these activated elements into and out of brief, temporary memory storage.

A) standard memory
B) levels-of-processing memory
C) working-memory
D) connectionist memory

Question 25

Knowing that George Washington was the first president of the United States is part of which memory system?

A) episodic
B) procedural
C) short-term
D) semantic

Question 26

An alternative name for the connectionist model of memory is which of the following?

A) working memory model
B) levels-of-processing model
C) parallel distributed processing model
D) standard memory model

Question 27

Knowledge and control of your memory.

A) propositions
B) productions
C) dual-traces
D) metamemory

Question 28

You hear the word dog, and then you think of related ideas such as collie, poodle, and cocker spaniel. Which of the following is the correct term for this memory phenomenon?

A) spreading activation
B) levels-of-processing
C) connections
D) productions

Question 29

Declarative memories that preserve many of the aspects of the original stimulus, whether object or event are known as which of the following?

A) symbolic representations
B) propositions
C) analogical representations
D) dual-traces

Question 30

Which of the following is the most well-known analogical representation?

A) propositions
B) mental imagery
C) dual-traces
D) symbolic representations

Question 31

These forms of storage tell us "If this, do that."

A) propositions
B) productions
C) dual-traces
D) procedural rehearsal

Question 32

This technique shows very high levels of recall when asked to relate words meaningfully to themselves by determining whether the words describe themselves.

A) physical processing
B) acoustic processing
C) chunking
D) self-reference effect

Question 33

According to this model, memory does not comprise three or even any specific number of separate stores. Instead, storage varies along a continuous dimension in terms of depth of encoding.

A) standard memory model
B) levels-of-processing model
C) working-memory model
D) connectionist model

Question 34

Which of the following is the correct choice for three different levels of processing, in progressive order of depth?

A) physical, semantic, acoustic
B) acoustic, physical, semantic
C) physical, acoustic, semantic
D) semantic, physical, acoustic

Question 35

Which of the following models of memory focuses on the ways declarative and procedural knowledge are combined via a series of connections among elements?

A) standard memory model
B) working-memory model
C) levels-of-processing model
D) connectionist model

Question 36

An abstract way of representing the underlying (or "deep structural") relations among things.

A) dual-traces
B) analogical representations
C) propositions
D) mental imagery

Question 37

Knowing when and how to apply the declarative and procedural knowledge you have learned.

A) conditional knowledge
B) productions
C) metamemory
D) propositions

Question 38

Remembering the time you met the president of the United States is part of which memory system?

A) episodic
B) procedural
C) short-term
D) semantic

Question 39

Two basic types of memory tasks you will undoubtedly use when you evaluate students' learning.

A) self-reference and chunking
B) recall and recognition
C) acoustic and paired associates
D) physical processing and recognition

Question 40

People can represent information both in the form of mental images and in the form of mental propositions is represented in which of the following?

A) dual-trace theory
B) analogical representations
C) propositional theory
D) mental imagery

Question 41

Any of several specific techniques for improving learning and memory.

A) interactive images
B) encoding specificity
C) chunking
D) mnemonic devices

Question 42

Link each of the words or items to be remembered to each of some very familiar landmarks. To recall the words later, merely collect them from the landmarks.

A) categorical clustering
B) method of loci
C) keywords
D) pegwords

Question 43

One of the best ways to make information easier to get out of mental storage is through __________ cues, clues or reminders that can enhance the ability to retrieve stored information from memory.

A) encoding specificity
B) availability
C) accessibility
D) retrieval

Question 44

You might encourage your students to group products by categories, for example, names of fruits (apples, oranges, grapefruits), names of dairy products (yogurt, cheese, butter), names of industrial goods, and so on. In doing this you are encouraging them to use which of the following?

A) categorical clustering
B) interactive images
C) pegwords
D) keywords

Question 45

With regard to facilitating students' retrieval, this refers to whether information is actually stored in long-term memory.

A) retrieval cues
B) availability
C) accessibility
D) encoding specificity

Question 46

This theory asserts that we forget because competing information renders inaccessible (and possibly unavailable) the information we want to remember.

A) categorical clustering
B) interference
C) encoding specificity
D) decay

Question 47

Students are asked to learn a list of 40 unrelated words. Later, the students are asked to recall the words either in the same classroom where they learned the words or in a separate classroom, their retrieval is better if the retrieval environment was the same as the encoding environment at the time of learning. This is a demonstration of which of the following?

A) availability
B) encoding specificity
C) advance organizer
D) retrieval

Question 48

This theory posits that information is forgotten because of the gradual disappearance over time of an unusual memory trace.

A) interference
B) proactive
C) decay
D) retroactive

Question 49

Associate each word to be learned with a word on a list that has previously been memorized.

A) categorical clustering
B) keywords
C) interactive images
D) pegwords

Question 50

With regard to facilitating students' retrieval, this refers how easily stored information can be retrieved.

A) retrieval cues
B) availability
C) accessibility
D) encoding specificity

Question 51

At the beginning of each chapter, the title and outline of each chapter-as well as the lists of objectives--are designed to help you remember the information in the chapter and to make this information easier for you to learn. Which of the following is the correct term for this type of memory aid?

A) encoding specificity
B) availability
C) advance organizer
D) retrieval

Question 52

In a matching test, you give the names of countries and the student has to match them with their appropriate continents. You are using which of the following memory tasks?

A) recognition
B) paired-associates recall
C) free recall
D) serial recall

Question 53

Shelly is a psychology student trying to learn the "Big Five" personality traits. Her teacher suggests she use OCEAN (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism). The teacher's technique is which of the following?

A) acrostic
B) method of loci
C) acronym
D) pegwords

Question 54

Samantha learns French one semester, and then takes a Spanish class the next semester. When Samantha tries to remember how to say something in French, she can only think of the Spanish vocabulary she learned. This is an example of which of the following?

A) retroactive interference
B) proactive interference
C) decay
D) categorical clustering

Question 55

Suppose the main exports of a given country are olive oil, cheese, automobiles, and designer dresses. You might ask students to imagine as vividly as possible a bottle of olive oil driving an automobile, wearing a designer dress, and eating a piece of cheese.

A) categorical clustering
B) pegwords
C) interactive images
D) keywords

Question 56

Ms. Jackson requires her students to recite The Pledge of Allegiance from memory. Which of the following memory tasks is she requesting of her students?

A) recognition
B) paired-associates recall
C) free recall
D) serial recall

Question 57

One of the most well known general mnemonic devices is called PQ4R, which stands for

A) Present, Question, Read, Reflect, Relate, and Review
B) Preview, Question, Read, Relate, Recite, and Review
C) Preview, Question, Read, Relate, Recite, and Rally
D) Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite, and Review

Question 58

Billy, a young piano student is told to use "Every Good Boy Does Fine" to memorize the notes on lines (E-G-B-D-F) of the treble clef in music. Billy's piano teacher is using which of the following techniques?

A) acrostic
B) method of loci
C) acronym
D) pegwords

Question 59

Mr. Nelson gives his geography students the name of a state, and asks them to write down the capital. He is using which of the following memory tasks?

A) recognition
B) paired-associates recall
C) free recall
D) serial recall

Question 60

Mr. Kurchik asks his students to list the names of the world's oceans. He does not care about the order of the list, but rather, how many oceans are correctly listed. Which of the following memory tasks is he requesting of his students?

A) serial recall
B) paired-associates recall
C) free recall
D) recognition

Question 61

Propositional networks are schematic integrations of interrelated propositions.

Question 62

Martin believes that when he goes to his doctor's appointment, certain things will happen in a certain way. He is very surprised when he is told to sign-in AFTER seeing the doctor because it contradicts his __________ for doctor visits.

A) conditional knowledge
B) category
C) schema
D) script

Question 63

Using rehearsal as a memory strategy is a natural, inborn process.

Question 64

Students generally do better to study via distributed learning versus massed learning.

Question 65

Maintenance rehearsal involves taking the information to be learned and trying to associate it with other things you know, or trying to associate various items of the to-be-learned information.

Question 66

Cognitive frameworks for organizing associated concepts.

A) scripts
B) categories
C) schemas
D) conditional knowledge

Question 67

It is not useful for teachers to present information in multiple ways, such as orally and visually.

Question 68

"Learning the situation" in a culturally relative context.

A) cognitive apprenticeships
B) categorical clustering
C) enculturation
D) conditional knowledge

Question 69

Mr. Dotham believes that learners must build their own knowledge--it cannot be given to them--and that new knowledge builds on current knowledge. His views are most like which of the following theories?

A) connectionist
B) levels-of-processing
C) constructivist
D) standard memory model

Question 70

Cognitive approaches focus on the changes in thought that are part of learning.

Question 71

Ms. Nielsen believes that prior experience and context affect the way we encode memories, how we recall things, and what we actually recall. Her view of memory is most like which of the following theory?

A) connectionist
B) constructivist
C) levels-of-processing
D) standard memory model

Question 72

Stereotypical story outlines for how events typically proceed.

A) conditional knowledge
B) script
C) schema
D) category

Question 73

Constructivist approaches to education are based, in part, on the theories of which of the following theorists?

A) Elizabeth Loftus
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Fergus Craik
D) Lev Vygotsky

Question 74

Any relatively permanent change in thought or behavior that occurs as a result of experience is termed memory.

Question 75

According to this view of learning, social factors and specific learning environments form an important part of the context responsible for how well people learn.

A) cognitive apprenticeships
B) categorical clustering
C) enculturation
D) situated learning

Question 76

Encoding refers to how you gain access to information stored in memory.

Question 77

Samantha learns French one semester, and then takes a Spanish class the next semester. While in Spanish class, Samantha has difficulty learning the new vocabulary as she keeps remembering the French words she has learned. This is an example of which of the following?

A) proactive interference
B) retroactive interference
C) decay
D) categorical clustering

Question 78

Declarative and procedural knowledge appear to be held in distinct stores in long-term memory.

Question 79

Mr. Thomas uses a constructivist approach in his classroom. He builds partnerships between novice students and experts, such as more experienced students. He is using which of the following techniques?

A) cognitive apprenticeships
B) situated learning
C) enculturation
D) categorical clustering

Question 80

Memory is the active mental mechanisms that enable people to retain and retrieve information about past experience.