Deck 3: Personal, Gender, Social, and Moral Development

Question 1

According to Erikson, if Jerry passes through this current developmental stage successfully, he will learn to trust that his basic needs will be met.

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) sensorimotor stage
C) trust versus mistrust
D) initiative versus guilt

Answer 1

trust versus mistrust

Question 2

Erikson's stage of __________ is where children learn to be relatively self-sufficient in walking, talking, eating and other activities.

A) trust versus mistrust
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) initiative versus guilt
D) industry versus inferiority

Answer 2

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 3

The process of human development involving the acquisition of the sense of right and wrong:

A) moral development
B) social development
C) gender development
D) personal development

Answer 3

moral development

Question 4

In this psychosocial stage, children learn how to assert themselves in socially acceptable ways which allows them to have a sense of purpose.

A) trust versus mistrust
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) initiative versus guilt
D) industry versus inferiority

Question 5

Mickey is an adolescent. According to Erikson's theory, which of the psychosocial crisis is Mickey facing?

A) industry versus inferiority
B) identity versus role confusion
C) initiative versus guilt
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 6

The value that Jacki places on herself is called her:

A) self
B) self-esteem
C) self-concept
D) identity

Question 7

Each of the eight stages of Erikson's theory is centered around

A) a latency period.
B) developmental stages.
C) developmental crises.
D) a sociogram.

Question 8

Sixteen-year-old Fred has had a relatively smooth transition during adolescence so far. He has already chosen the college where his father attended and has decided on a career. It is likely that he is in the ______ of identity formation.

A) identity achievement phase
B) identity diffusion phase
C) identity moratorium phase
D) identity foreclosure phase

Question 9

According to Erik Erikson, during which stage do individuals come to terms with themselves and the meaning of their life?

A) identity versus role confusion
B) generativity versus stagnation
C) intimacy versus isolation
D) integrity versus despair

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT discussed in your text as a limitation of the theories of Erikson and Marcia?

A) lack of solid empirical data
B) lack of adequate scientific testing
C) lack of contributions to our understanding of development
D) applicable (Marcia's theory) to a very limited aspect of the lifespan

Question 11

Joe has neither engaged in a search for identity nor committed to any significant aspects of an identity. He is probably in the ________ of identity formation.

A) identity achievement phase
B) identity diffusion phase
C) identity moratorium phase
D) identity foreclosure phase

Question 12

Seventeen-year-old James wants to explore different lifestyles and careers before he settles on who he is and where he wants to go. It is likely that James is in the ___________ of identity formation.

A) identity achievement phase
B) identity diffusion phase
C) identity moratorium phase
D) identity foreclosure phase

Question 13

The process of human development involving the acquisition of the set of attributes that makes them unique is termed:

A) moral development
B) social development
C) gender development
D) personal development

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a reason the struggle for a sense of identity is so intense during adolescence?

A) because the adolescent has to make a decision about vocational changes
B) because of changes in cognitive processing
C) because the adolescent is going through so many physical changes
D) because their parents are going through midlife

Question 15

Gracie never had children and she feels as though she has not made a meaningful contribution to the world through her career. According to Erikson, Gracie is experiencing the effects of stagnation. Into what age group does Gracie probably fit?

A) adolescence
B) early adulthood
C) middle adulthood
D) old age

Question 16

Psychosocial theory was proposed by

A) Jean Piaget
B) Erik Erikson
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 17

If Polly successfully completes this stage, her parents could expect that she will acquire a sense of competency in her work and so will engage successfully in her schoolwork.

A) industry versus inferiority
B) identity versus role confusion
C) initiative versus guilt
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 18

Chris has decided that he wants to be an engineer after considering many different jobs. He is probably in the __________ of identity formation.

A) identity achievement phase
B) identity diffusion phase
C) identity moratorium phase
D) identity foreclosure phase

Question 19

Understanding which of the following is NOT mentioned in your text as a necessity of the expert teacher?

A) moral development
B) social development
C) gender development
D) personal development

Question 20

Which of the following two identity statuses are the most favored in Western societies that place emphasis on individuality?

A) achievement and moratorium
B) achievement and foreclosure
C) foreclosure and diffusion
D) moratorium and diffusion

Question 21

Bob is a man who is sexually attracted to both men and women. Which of the following best describes Bob's sexual orientation?

A) homosexual
B) heterosexual
C) gender neutral
D) bisexual

Question 22

Rodney is watching the other children play, but he is not participating. Instead he is playing alone with his toys. Rodney is

A) engaged in social play.
B) an onlooker.
C) engaged in cooperative play.
D) engaged parallel play.

Question 23

Sandra is a woman who is sexually attracted to other women. Which of the following best describes Sandra's sexual orientation?

A) homosexual
B) heterosexual
C) gender neutral
D) bisexual

Question 24

In the strange situation test, Barry is not distressed when his mother leaves him with a stranger, and then he ignores his mother when she returns. According to Ainsworth, this is an example of which type of attachment?

A) avoidant attachment
B) secure attachment
C) resistant attachment
D) stranger attachment

Question 25

With regard to gender development, which of the following statements best incorporates the psychosexual point of view?

A) Gender-role identification arises primarily from psychological crises faced during a particular stage in childhood.
B) People acquire cognitive organizational systems that guide their interpretations of what are and are not appropriate gender roles.
C) Boys and girls are treated differently from the moment they are born.
D) People observe and learn from role models as they follow what they see being rewarded.

Question 26

In the strange situation test, Alfred is ambivalent toward his mother. When his mother returns, Alfred runs to her, but then he tries to get away from when she holds him. According to Ainsworth, this is an example of which type of attachment?

A) avoidant attachment
B) secure attachment
C) resistant attachment
D) stranger attachment

Question 27

With regard to gender development, which of the following statements best incorporates the schema theory point of view?

A) Gender-role identification arises primarily from psychological crises faced during a particular stage in childhood.
B) People acquire cognitive organizational systems that guide their interpretations of what are and are not appropriate gender roles.
C) Boys and girls are treated differently from the moment they are born.
D) People observe and learn from role models as they follow what they see being rewarded.

Question 28

___________ is a person's acquisition of sex-related roles regardless of whether they correspond to one's physiological sex.

A) Gender identification
B) Sexual development
C) Self-identity
D) Self-concept

Question 29

In the strange situation test, Melissa is distressed when her mother leaves her with a stranger, and then she immediately goes to her mother, showing pleasure at being reunited, when her mother returns. According to Ainsworth, this is an example of which type of attachment?

A) avoidant attachment
B) secure attachment
C) resistant attachment
D) stranger attachment

Question 30

Following Erikson's theory, expert teachers should provide students with all of the following EXCEPT:

A) opportunities to perform tasks independently
B) opportunities to make decisions on their own
C) praise for successes in their schoolwork
D) encouragement to compare their performance with performance of classmates.

Question 31

Mary is playing with her dolls all by herself. She is engaged in

A) social play.
B) solitary play.
C) cooperative play.
D) parallel play.

Question 32

Ainsworth's experimental procedure in which the attachment of an infant to the parent is observed after the parent has left the infant with a stranger, and has then returned.

A) Ainsworth model
B) attachment
C) strange situation
D) empathic reasoning

Question 33

What is the most common attachment pattern in the United States?

A) avoidant attachment
B) secure attachment
C) resistant attachment
D) stranger attachment

Question 34

The strength and kind of emotional bond that exists between two people.

A) strange situation
B) attachment
C) Ainsworth model
D) empathy

Question 35

The Monroe School District has introduced single-sex classes as an attempt to utilize which of the following implications of the theories of sexual gender development for teaching?

A) Model and reward gender behavior desired of students.
B) Acknowledge and strive to overcome gender stereotypes.
C) Check learning materials for damaging gender stereotypes.
D) Compare sexual orientation of various students .

Question 36

With regard to gender development, which of the following statements best incorporates the social learning point of view?

A) Gender-role identification arises primarily from psychological crises faced during a particular stage in childhood.
B) People acquire schemas that guide their interpretations of what are and are not appropriate gender roles.
C) Boys and girls are treated differently from the moment they are born.
D) People observe and learn from role models as they follow what they see being rewarded.

Question 37

With regard to gender development, which of the following statements best incorporates the behaviorist point of view?

A) Gender-role identification arises primarily from psychological crises faced during a particular stage in childhood.
B) People acquire cognitive organizational systems that guide their interpretations of what are and are not appropriate gender roles.
C) Boys and girls are treated differently from the moment they are born.
D) People observe and learn from role models as they follow what they see being rewarded.

Question 38

According to Freud's theory, the Oedipal complex or the Electra complex occurs at about what age?

A) 1-2
B) 3-5
C) 4-7
D) 8-12

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT considered an implication of the theories of sexual gender development for teaching?

A) Model and reward gender behavior desired of students.
B) Acknowledge and strive to overcome gender stereotypes.
C) Check learning materials for damaging gender stereotypes.
D) Compare sexual orientation of various students.

Question 40

Ms. Dunahey wants to foster feelings of competence in her students. If she uses Erikson's theory, which of the following should she use to foster feelings of competence in their students?

A) She should notice and praise students' successes.
B) She should give them opportunities to work cooperatively.
C) She should help them make decisions concerning their learning.
D) She should point out other people in their identity searches.

Question 41

Lawrence Kohlberg used _______ to assess what he believed to be moral development.

A) cultural mores
B) rites of passage
C) moral dilemmas
D) ethnic values

Question 42

Game playing seems to peak around which ages?

A) 3-5.
B) 6-8.
C) 10-12.
D) 14-16.

Question 43

Estimates of the incidence of bulimia nervosa in the general population of the United States range from

A) 5-7 percent
B) 2-4 percent
C) 1-3 percent
D) 3-5 percent

Question 44

At age 10, Melanie is becoming able to see herself as others see her. Selman would say Melanie is using which of the following perspective taking abilities?

A) societal
B) third-party
C) undifferentiated
D) self-reflective

Question 45

Selman would say that when individuals come to understand that the perspective taking is influenced by larger systems of values, they are using which of the following perspective-taking abilities?

A) societal
B) third-party
C) undifferentiated
D) self-reflective

Question 46

What are the two most common reasons children are rejected by their peers?

A) lack of prosocial skills and behaving aggressively
B) conflict resolution and behaving aggressively
C) lack of prosocial skills and sharing secrets
D) behaving aggressively and sharing secrets

Question 47

The child in Kohlberg's preconventional stage of development is concerned primarily with:

A) authority
B) rewards and punishment
C) development of a strong conscience
D) society's laws and rules

Question 48

Which of the following is not a characteristic of bulimia nervosa?

A) more common among girls than boys
B) recurrent episodes of binge eating
C) includes a feeling of lack of control over eating
D) usually presents an immediate threat to life

Question 49

During preschool and the primary grades upon what do children base friendships?

A) conflict resolution
B) single exchanges
C) shared secrets
D) shared activities

Question 50

Which of the following statements is NOT included in the implications of moral development for teaching?

A) Teachers need to expect age-appropriate levels of moral thought and behavior.
B) Discussions of moral dilemmas help challenge students' moral reasoning.
C) Teachers should adopt one of the theories of morality so as not to confuse the students.
D) Teachers should self-assess their moral development for better understanding of their students.

Question 51

Ben is four-years-old and confuses his own thoughts and feelings with those of others. Selman would say Ben is using which of the following perspective-taking abilities?

A) societal
B) third-party
C) undifferentiated
D) self-reflective

Question 52

Betty, at age 13, conforms to social rules because she believes it is right to do so. She is probably in Kohlberg's _______ stage of moral development.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) obedience and punishment

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anorexia nervosa?

A) belief that one is thin when one really is not
B) more common among boys than girls
C) refusal and/or inability to eat
D) extreme weight loss

Question 54

Jimmy accidentally broke four plates trying to sneak into the cookie jar, while Bart broke one plate. Barbara thinks Jimmy is going to be punished more severely than Bart. Barbara is in which Piagetian stage of moral development?

A) morality of cooperation
B) moral relativism
C) autonomous morality
D) moral realism

Question 55

A normal 8-year-old child would be in what stage of Kohlberg's moral development?

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) social contracts and individual rights
D) mutual expectations

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Kohlberg's theory?

A) The moral dilemmas were scored subjectively.
B) Levels of responses may vary among individuals.
C) People can regress in their behaviors.
D) The stages of moral development seem to be less domain general than Kohlberg's theory suggests.

Question 57

According to Kohlberg, not everyone is able to reach the _________ stage of moral development.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) indivdualism and exchange

Question 58

Carol Gilligan has proposed an alternative model for moral development. She proposed that:

A) women take more of a justice approach to morality than do men
B) women are more likely to show empathy than men
C) men are more understanding than women
D) men show more emotion than women

Question 59

Teachers should

A) monitor patterns of friendship among students so that help can be provided to isolated students.
B) make tests easy so that students can pass all tests.
C) always write on the blackboard so that all the students can see.
D) make sure that students join clubs.

Question 60

Which of the following is the correct term for Piaget's second stage of moral development?

A) moral realism
B) morality of cooperation
C) morality of value
D) value of cooperation

Question 61

After Polly committed suicide, her teachers were concerned for the other students in the class. The teachers knew that the risk of suicide attempts by other students in the class would:

A) decrease the number of attempts by other students
B) have no effect on the other students
C) slightly increase the number of attempts
D) greatly increase the number of attempts

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways mentioned in the textbook for teachers to help prevent drug use among their students?

A) modeling abstinence themselves
B) teaching students to avoid situations where drug use may be offered
C) pointing out positive role models to the students
D) help find medical help for addicted students

Question 63

The text discusses two types of depression. The more common of the two is

A) agitated depression.
B) retarded depression.
C) clinical depression.
D) suicidal depression.

Question 64

Sally was talking to Joe about suicide rates in young people, and said that the rate had almost __________ in the last 30 years.

A) doubled
B) tripled
C) been cut in half
D) quadrupled

Question 65

According to your book, what percent of 19-year-olds have had a sexual encounter?

A) 60% for men and 55% for women
B) 80% for men and 75% for women
C) 70% for men and 65% for women
D) 60% for men and 65% for women

Question 66

Depression is _______.

A) relatively common in adolescents
B) uncommon in adolescents
C) uncommon in children
D) uncommon in older adults

Question 67

In the past ten years there has been a(n) __________ of violence in schools throughout the United States.

A) slight increase
B) alarming increase
C) slight decrease
D) amazing decrease

Question 68

Patty was talking to Paul about the suicide of Dean. Paul said that Dean had taken an overdose of sleeping pills. Patty thought that was unusual because

A) girls generally overdose with pills.
B) boys tend to overdose on pills more often.
C) girls are more likely to use guns to commit suicide.
D) girls are more likely to complete suicide than boys.

Question 69

A person with a major depression is affected by feelings of

A) mania.
B) cyclothymia.
C) hopelessness.
D) high blood pressure.