Deck 12: Correlation Tests and Simple Linear Regression

Question 1

These are events that occur during the course of a study to all or individual participants that can result in bias:

A) history effects
B) testing effects
C) group differences
D) maturation

Answer 1

history effects

Question 2

This can occur when participants score higher or lower than their personal average-the next time they are tested, they are more likely to score near their personal average, making scores unreliable.

A) regression toward the mean
B) deterioration
C) unrealistic scores
D) weakening of the mean

Answer 2

regression toward the mean

Question 3

These occur when participants are tested more than once in a study with early testing affecting later testing.

A) history effects
B) testing effects
C) group differences
D) maturation effects

Answer 3

testing effects

Question 4

This occurs when participants choose not to complete a study:

A) attrition
B) testing effects
C) group differences
D) maturation

Question 5

A study was done in Pueblo, CO to compare the pattern of heart attack rates across the year before and the year after a public smoking ban had been enacted. The researchers who conducted this study used an) __________ design.

A) equivalent time-series
B) interrupted time-series
C) one-group posttest-only
D) nonequivalent control group

Question 6

A time series design where the "treatment" is implemented by the researcher is called an):

A) non equivalent time-series
B) non interrupted time-series
C) one-group posttest-only
D) nonequivalent control group

Question 7

When participants are randomly assigned to levels of the independent variable in an experiment to control for individual differences as an extraneous variable this is called:

A) extraneous assignment
B) level assignment
C) random transfer
D) random assignment

Question 8

In this design, the researcher considers the difference between the pretest and posttest scores across the control and experimental groups.

A) non equivalent time-series
B) non interrupted time-series
C) one-group posttest-only
D) nonequivalent groups

Question 9

Pretest-posttest designs are quasi-experiments when they do not contain a

A) confounding variable.
B) dependent variable.
C) randomly assigned control group.
D) all of the above.

Question 10

It would be ____________ to randomly assign some participants to smoke in order to conduct an experiment because this would force participants to endure something harmful.

A) ethical
B) unethical
C) perfectly fine
D) wise

Question 11

Which of the following represents a quasi-experiment?

A) Two groups of participants (those who are left-handed and those who are right-handed) are asked to perform a speeded cognitive task to compare performance for the two groups.
B) Participants take a handedness questionnaire with score indicating the degree of right- and left-handedness to look for a relationship between handedness score and time to complete a cognitive task.
C) Participants are randomly assigned to conditions where a cognitive task is given with speeded or non-speeded instructions to determine if there is an effect of instruction type of task performance.

Question 12

The Solomon four-group design allows a researcher to measure

A) all confounding variables that may be present.
B) the effect of taking the pretest on the scores on the posttest.
C) group differences between the control and experimental groups.
D) the causal effect of the treatment.

Question 13

The best way to minimize the effects of maturation is to include a ________ group that does not receive the treatment to allow a comparison of groups that have similar experiences except for the treatment.

A) control
B) placebo
C) experimental
D) investigational

Question 14

The Solomon four-group design is a pretest-posttest design where

A) the experimental and control groups are randomly assigned.
B) there are two experimental and control groups, one that takes the pretest and one that does not take the pretest.
C) a historical event is used at the "treatment."
D) none of the above.

Question 15

A time series design where the "treatment" is an independent event, such as a historical event is called an):

A) equivalent time-series
B) interrupted time-series
C) one-group posttest-only
D) nonequivalent control group

Question 16

Which of the following sources of bias may be problematic in pretest-posttest designs?

A) history effects
B) testing effects
C) group differences
D) all of the above

Question 17

This is a type of research design where behavior is measured both before and after a treatment or condition is implemented.

A) pretest-posttest design
B) solomon four group design
C) quasi design
D) time series

Question 18

The difference between an interrupted time series design and an equivalent time series design is that the interrupted time series design includes a _______________ event, while a non-interrupted time series design includes a ________________ treatment.

A) psychological/non-psychological
B) non-psychological/psychological
C) "naturally"-occurring/researcher-implemented
D) researcher-implemented/"naturally"-occurring

Question 19

Which of the following would help control for bias in a pretest-posttest design?

A) Increasing the amount of time between the pretest and posttest
B) Including a control group that does not receive the treatment
C) Using fewer subjects
D) Using the posttest scores as the dependent variable

Question 20

Time-series designs are pretest-posttest designs that

A) include a randomly assigned control group.
B) compare a pattern of scores over time before and after the treatment.
C) include groups that do not take the pretest.
D) include groups that do not take the posttest.

Question 21

The researcher compares the scores from the pretest and the posttest, looking for a change based on the treatment or condition occurring between the two measurements.

Question 22

Attrition is best handled by inclusion of a control group.

Question 23

Quasi-experiments are the most useful designs for answering causal research questions.

Question 24

Explain the difference between interrupted and non-interrupted time series designs.

Question 25

Limitations of time series designs exist due to possible extraneous factors that may affect a score pattern change other than the treatment or event of interest.

Question 26

Quasi-experiments involve comparing groups of non-randomly assigned subjects.

Question 27

Explain how time series designs are different from other pretest-posttest designs.

Question 28

Effects of history and other sources of bias that occur over time) are least likely to occur in pretest-posttest designs.

Question 29

Attrition results in data being deleted from a study ( or a portion of a study).

Question 30

Random assignment of participants is much less likely in time series designs with a researcher-implemented treatment than an independent event examined in an interrupted time series design.

Question 31

Explain why quasi-experiments are not as useful as experiments in answering causal research questions.

Question 32

Research done in educational settings often involves a quasi-experiment, because the researcher cannot affect the classroom students are in or the teacher they have.

Question 33

Many applied studies that examine realistic behaviors make use of quasi-experiments because random assignment would be difficult or impossible or unethical.

Question 34

These natural changes that occur to the participants during the course of a study that can result in bias:

A) history effects
B) testing effects
C) group differences
D) maturation