Deck 5: How Psychologists Use the Scientific Method: Data Collection Techniques and Research Designs

Question 1

Debriefing means

A) having participants read and sign a consent form before they participate.
B) showing that the benefits of a study outweigh the risks.
C) fully explaining the purpose of the study (including any deception that may have been involved) and providing an opportunity for participants to ask questions about the study.
D) telling the participants about the hypothesis of the study before they participate.

Answer 1

fully explaining the purpose of the study (including any deception that may have been involved) and providing an opportunity for participants to ask questions about the study.

Question 2

Adherence to ethical guidelines in psychological studies with humans is currently monitored by

A) an review board at each institution where research is conducted (IRB).
B) a committee that is part of the federal government.
C) a group of judges.
D) just the researchers themselves.

Answer 2

an review board at each institution where research is conducted (IRB).

Question 3

In the Zimbardo (1973) prison study, the independent variable was

A) being a prisoner.
B) being a guard.
C) role assignment (prisoner or guard).
D) behavior in the prison environment.

Answer 3

role assignment (prisoner or guard).

Question 4

Plagiarism can be:

A) neither intentional or unintentional
B) unintentional
C) intentional
D) intentional or unintentional

Question 5

___________refers to the reduction of risk of harm to the participants as compared with the benefit of the study.

A) beneficence
B) respect for persons
C) justice
D) harm reduction

Question 6

As part of the respect for persons aspect of the Belmont Report, it is recommended that researchers

A) reduce risks of harm.
B) include an informed consent process.
C) ensure that all groups of individuals can benefit from the research.
D) none of the above.

Question 7

Fair selection of participants is covered by the __________ principle.

A) beneficence
B) respect for persons
C) justice
D) harm reduction

Question 8

A risk-benefit analysis involves

A) having participants read and sign a consent form before they participate.
B) showing that the benefits of a study outweigh the risks.
C) fully explaining the purpose of the study (including any deception that may have been involved) and providing an opportunity for participants to ask questions about the study.
D) telling the participants about the hypothesis of the study before they participate.

Question 9

Expedited studies need be reviewed by only _________ member of the IRB, which speeds the process of review.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 10

Informed consent is an important element of this principle.

A) beneficence
B) respect for persons
C) justice
D) harm reduction

Question 11

The Nuremberg trials held between 1945 and 1949

A) 1980 and 1986
B) 2002 and 2005
C) 1945 and 1949
D) 1920 and 1925

Question 12

According to ethical guidelines, at the end of their participation participants are often be fully informed as to the purpose of the study and given an explanation of any deception used in the study. This process is called

A) dehoaxing.
B) desensitizing.
C) debriefing.
D) deflating.

Question 13

The first APA ethical code was based on

A) the Belmont Report.
B) criticism of the Milgram (1963) study.
C) criticism of the Zimbardo (1973) study.
D) the Nuremberg code.

Question 14

The __________ Act provides specific standards for the acquisition, housing, and care of animals in the United States.

A) Animal Protection
B) Animal Shelter
C) Animal Safety
D) Animal Welfare

Question 15

The Zimbardo (1973) prison study resulted in

A) adverse stress reactions from some of the participants assigned to be prisoners.
B) cruel behavior from some of the participants assigned to be guards.
C) the study being cut because of adverse effects on the participants.
D) all of the above.

Question 16

A confederate is

A) someone who is part of the study, but acts as if they are a participant.
B) someone who oversees a research study.
C) a participant who attempts to sabotage a research study.
D) none of the above.

Question 17

Which of the following would violate ethical standards for psychological research?

A) keeping participants' identities confidential
B) using another author's ideas in ones report without citing that author
C) deceiving participants about the purpose of a study
D) all of the above

Question 18

About ____% of animal studies in psychology involve primates.

A) 5
B) 20
C) 40
D) 50

Question 19

Researchers conducting studies with non-human animal subjects are responsible for

A) housing of the animals during the study.
B) housing of the animals after the study.
C) monitoring the animals' health during the study.
D) all of the above.

Question 20

In Milgram's (1963) study of obedience, results showed that

A) none of the participants were willing to shock the confederate.
B) most participants quit the study before it concluded.
C) most of the participants were willing to "shock" the confederate at the highest level.
D) all of the participants were willing to "shock" the confederate at the highest level.

Question 21

According to ethical guidelines, psychological studies can never involve deception.

Question 22

In many cases, researchers do not fully disclose the purpose of the study to reduce _____________ characteristics where the participants may alter their behavior based on their perception of the study's purpose or hypothesis.

A) command
B) control
C) authority
D) demand

Question 23

Studies with the highest amount of risk receive full review by the IRB, meaning that each member of the IRB will review the research proposal.

Question 24

Animals are often used as subjects when study procedures are considered too invasive or difficult to conduct with human participants.

Question 25

Animals not bred by the researcher's institution must be obtained in a manner that follows USDA regulations and local ordinances.

Question 26

Researchers must give animals anesthesia during surgical procedures.

Question 27

The APA code was the first set of guidelines ever developed for research with human participants.

Question 28

Researchers are responsible for ensuring that all participants have a fair chance of receiving potentially beneficial treatments in research.

Question 29

What is the purpose of an Institutional Review Board?

Question 30

Describe three ethical guidelines that researchers must follow when conducting research with human participants.

Question 31

Describe three ethical guidelines that researchers must follow when conducting research with non-human animal subjects.

Question 32

Participation in research is not always anonymous.

Question 33

Exempt studies are those studies that have the most amount of risk involved.

Question 34

Researchers must fully inform participants about all aspects of a study before consent is given for participation.