Deck 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues

Question 1

Cranial bones develop .

A) within fibrous membranes
B) from cartilage models
C) from a tendon
D) within osseous membranes

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called .

A) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
B) the struts of bone known as spicules
C) a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage
D) Volkmann's canals

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

A) the osteon
B) lamellar bone
C) spongy bone
D) osseous matrix

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows .

A) by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
B) in a circular fashion
C) by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis
D) from the edges inward

Question 5

What tissue forms the model for endochondrial ossification?

A) cartilage
B) fascia
C) membranes
D) bone

Question 6

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of _ .

A) cartilage and compact bone
B) osteoblasts and osteoclasts
C) marrow and osteons
D) chondrocytes and osteocytes

Question 7

Ossification of the ends of long bones .

A) takes twice as long as diaphysis ossification
B) is produced by secondary ossification centers
C) is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation
D) involves medullary cavity formation

Question 8

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?

A) The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate.
B) An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.
C) A medullary cavity forms.
D) A bone collar forms around the cartilage model.

Question 9

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through .

A) differentiation of osteoclasts into osteocytes
B) the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity
C) calcification of the matrix of the zone underlying articular cartilage
D) interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

Question 10

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

A) thyroid hormone
B) calcium
C) growth hormone
D) parathyroid hormone

Question 11

Osteomyelitis is .

A) due to pus- forming bacteria
B) partially due to insufficient dietary calcium
C) literally known as "soft bones"
D) caused by altered vitamin D metabolism

Question 12

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

A) elastic connective tissue
B) fibrocartilage
C) dense fibrous connective tissue
D) hyaline cartilage

Question 13

What is absolutely required for bone growth or healing from a fracture?

A) osteocytes
B) dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D
C) osteoblasts
D) osteoclasts

Question 14

Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is of greatest importance for bone growth during infancy and childhood?

A) prolactin
B) thyroid hormone
C) somatomedins
D) growth hormone

Question 15

Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth?

A) Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.
B) Unspecialized cells from mesenchyme develop into chondrocytes, which divide and form cartilage.
C) Fibroblasts give rise to chondrocytes that differentiate and form cartilage.
D) Growth occurs in the lining of the long bones.

Question 16

The process of bones increasing in width is known as .

A) concentric growth
B) epiphyseal plate closure
C) closing of the epiphyseal plate
D) appositional growth

Question 17

The resilience of bone is primarily due to which of the following?

A) amount of mineral salts in the bone
B) amount of mineral salt and protein in the bone
C) presence of osteoblasts in the bone
D) sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules

Question 18

What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?

A) decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage
B) inadequate calcification of bone
C) decreased osteoclast activity
D) increased osteoclast activity

Question 19

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?

A) estrogen
B) thyroxine
C) parathyroid hormone
D) calcitonin

Question 20

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress?

A) irregular bone
B) compact bone
C) spongy bone
D) trabecular bone

Question 21

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?

A) epiphyseal plate
B) epiphyseal line
C) lacunae
D) Haversian system

Question 22

In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause?

A) osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity
B) overproduction of thyroid hormone
C) elevated levels of sex hormones
D) too much vitamin D in the diet

Question 23

Figure 6.1Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
How is the beginning of intramembranous ossification different from endochondral ossification?

Question 24

The term diploë refers to the .

A) two types of marrow found within most bones
B) fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue
C) internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
D) double- layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone

Question 25

Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates an armlike bar of bone?

A) ramus
B) foramen
C) fossa
D) meatus
E) epicondyle

Question 26

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the .

A) osteoclast
B) osteocyte
C) osteoblast
D) chondrocyte

Question 27

The structural unit of spongy is called .

A) trabeculae
B) osseous lamellae
C) osteons
D) lamellar bone

Question 28

Osteogenesis is the process of .

A) making a cartilage model of the fetal bone
B) making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage
C) bone formation
D) bone destruction to liberate calcium

Question 29

Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of .

A) potassium, phosphate, and vitamin D
B) vitamin D, phosphate, and chloride
C) calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
D) sodium, calcium, and vitamin E

Question 30

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the .

A) diaphysis
B) epiphysis
C) articular cartilage
D) metaphysis

Question 31

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?

A) storage of minerals
B) support
C) communication
D) production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)

Question 32

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of .

A) elastic tissue
B) fat
C) Sharpey's fibers
D) blood- forming cells

Question 33

Figure 6.1Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
Bone 5.

Question 34

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

A) osteoblast
B) osteoclast
C) osteocyte
D) stem cell

Question 35

Wolff's law is concerned with .

A) the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
B) the function of bone being dependent on shape
C) vertical growth of bones being dependent on age
D) the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts

Question 36

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of .

A) blood vessels and nerve fibers
B) cartilage and interstitial lamellae
C) adipose tissue and nerve fibers
D) yellow marrow and spicules

Question 37

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?

A) along the edges only of existing osteons, making each osteon larger
B) growth at the epiphyseal plate
C) the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
D) the lengthening of hyaline cartilage

Question 38

Figure 6.1Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
What is a disease of the bone in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit, leaving the person with thin and often very fragile bones?

Question 39

Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels?

A) parathyroid
B) thyroid
C) spleen
D) pineal gland

Question 40

What causes osteoporosis?

A) Osteoclasts out- pace osteoblasts due to low hormone production of the ovaries.
B) heritage such as African or Mediterranean
C) poor posture
D) abnormal PTH receptors

Question 41

Figure 6.1Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
Bone 7.

Question 42

Figure 6.1Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
Why are the bones of young children much more flexible than those of the elderly?

Question 43

Figure 6.1
Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
Bone 1.

Question 44

Figure 6.2Using Figure 6.2, match the following:
Epiphysis of the bone.

Question 45

Figure 6.1Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
Bone 3.

Question 46

Figure 6.1
Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
Bones appear to be lifeless structures. Does bone material renew itself?

Question 47

Figure 6.1Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
Bone 2.

Question 48

A central (Haversian) canal may contain arteries, veins, capillaries, lymph vessels, and
fibers.

Question 49

A round or oval hole through a bone that contains blood vessels and/or nerves is called a(n) .

Question 50

Figure 6.1Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
Inflammation of bony tissue is called .

Question 51

Figure 6.1
Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
A bone embedded in a tendon is called a(n) _ bone.

Question 52

What are multinucleated cells that destroy bone called?.

Question 53

Figure 6.1Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
List the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture.

Question 54

What are the differences between the diaphysis and the epiphyses of long bones?

Question 55

Figure 6.1Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
Blood cell formation is called .

Question 56

Describe how oxygen is carried from outside a bone to an individual osteocyte.

Question 57

Figure 6.1Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
What is found in a Haversian canal?

Question 58

Figure 6.2Using Figure 6.2, match the following:
Location of the epiphyseal line.

Question 59

A long bone forms by a process known as ossification.

Question 60

Figure 6.1Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
Bone 4.

Question 61

Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone.

Question 62

Compare the function of the organic materials in the bone matrix with the function of the inorganic materials in the matrix.

Question 63

Figure 6.2Using Figure 6.2, match the following:
Compact bone.

Question 64

Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function.

Question 65

If your doctor notices a marked decrease in calcium ion levels in your blood, what gland might he suspect is not functioning properly and why?

Question 66

Figure 6.1Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure:
Bone 6.

Question 67

The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk.

Question 68

The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.

Question 69

Short, irregular, and flat bones have marrow cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones light.

Question 70

In newborn infants, the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain yellow bone marrow.

Question 71

Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.

Question 72

What term describes in growth in the diameter of long bones?

Question 73

Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth. 78)

Question 74

All bones stop growing by the end of adolescence.

Question 75

The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.

Question 76

Figure 6.2Using Figure 6.2, match the following:
Area where yellow marrow is found.

Question 77

An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.

Question 78

Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions.

Question 79

Figure 6.2Using Figure 6.2, match the following:
Several hormones control the remodeling of bones. Which two respond to changing blood calcium levels?

Question 80

Sixty- five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite.