Deck 24: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation

Question 1

Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is .

A) converted to ammonia
B) transferred to acetyl CoA
C) converted to urea
D) transferred to a keto acid

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What process primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work?

A) beta oxidation
B) phosphorylation
C) glycolysis
D) cellular respiration

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the choices below is not a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body?

A) ATP production
B) glycogenesis
C) lipogenesis
D) direct conversion to a nucleic acid
E) amino acid synthesis

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The most abundant dietary lipids are .

A) cholesterol
B) fatty acids
C) phospholipids
D) triglycerides

Question 5

Which of the choices below is not a source of glucose during the postabsorptive state?

A) absorption of glucose from the GI tract
B) lipolysis in adipose tissues and the liver
C) catabolism of cellular protein
D) glycogenolysis in the liver

Question 6

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is
)

A) protein
B) acetyl CoA
C) glucose
D) fat

Question 7

Oxidative deamination takes place in the .

A) liver
B) brain
C) muscles
D) blood

Question 8

The term basal metabolic rate reflects the .

A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities
B) energy needed to make all organic molecules
C) loss of organic molecules in urine
D) loss of energy to perspiration

Question 9

Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria?

A) formation of malic acid from fumaric acid
B) glycolysis
C) Krebs cycle
D) electron transport

Question 10

Which of the following is the major role of leptin in the body?

A) decrease appetite and food intake
B) protect against weight loss during nutritional deprivation
C) promote weight loss with activity
D) shrink fat stores

Question 11

Heat- loss mechanisms do not include .

A) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
B) behavior measures such as wearing light, loose clothing
C) the evaporation of sweat
D) reducing activity

Question 12

Oxidation reduction reactions .

A) occur via the gain of hydrogen or the loss of oxygen
B) are rarely coupled together
C) may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons
D) utilize hydrogenases

Question 13

Select the correct statement about proteins.

A) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.
B) Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids.
C) Proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present.
D) Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis.

Question 14

Which of the following is correct?

A) Each FADH₂ yields about 1 1/2 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
B) Most ATP from cellular respiration are produced directly in the Krebs cycle.
C) Most of the ATP are produced by substrate- level phosphorylation.
D) Glycolysis relies on substrate- level oxidation for the four ATP produced in this pathway.

Question 15

When a person's hypothalamic thermostat is set to a higher level and the actual body temperature is below that level, the person may .

A) exhibit vasodilation of skin vessels
B) pant
C) perspire heavily
D) shiver

Question 16

Prostaglandins play a role in .

A) control of blood volume
B) noninflammatory responses
C) skeletal muscle contraction
D) control of blood pressure

Question 17

The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as .

A) lipolysis
B) lipogenesis
C) gluconeogenesis
D) fat utilization

Question 18

Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance?

A) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis.
B) A negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis.
C) It is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat.
D) It occurs when amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream.

Question 19

Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state?

A) epinephrine
B) thyroid hormone
C) insulin
D) growth hormone

Question 20

Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat- promoting center?

A) vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels
B) sympathetic sweat gland activation
C) increase in ADH production
D) release of epinephrine

Question 21

The primary reason elderly people should decrease their caloric intake is that .

A) their appetite begins to diminish
B) they have a higher metabolic rate and do not need large amounts of food
C) muscle mass and metabolism decline with age
D) they spend most of the day at rest, and their food will quickly turn to fat

Question 22

Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins?

A) egg yolk, fish roe, and grains
B) corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ
C) lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals
D) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish

Question 23

Many factors influence BMR. What is the most critical factor?

A) the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body
B) an individual's body weight
C) the way an individual metabolizes fat
D) the way skeletal muscles break down glycogen

Question 24

Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include
)

A) adequate fat calories to provide adequate ATP formation
B) ammonia combining with oxygen to form urea
C) adequate essential amino acids
D) excessive amounts of protein in the diet

Question 25

When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of .

A) glycogen
B) amino acids
C) fatty acids
D) lactic acid

Question 26

Catabolism would be best described as a process that .

A) builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state
B) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
C) elevates glucagon levels
D) causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies

Question 27

Which of the choices below is not a mechanism of heat production?

A) sweating
B) shivering
C) enhanced thyroxine release
D) vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels

Question 28

Anabolism includes reactions in which .

A) ketone bodies are formed
B) structural proteins are used as a potential energy source
C) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
D) carbohydrate utilization increases

Question 29

Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized?

A) proteins
B) fats
C) vitamins and minerals
D) foods and beverages high in caffeine

Question 30

Lipogenesis occurs when .

A) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high
B) glucose levels drop slightly
C) there is a shortage of fatty acids
D) excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane

Question 31

In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and _ are converted to glucose.

A) glycogen
B) acetyl Co A
C) glycerol
D) glucagon

Question 32

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which .

A) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors
B) glycogen is broken down to release glucose
C) glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water
D) glycogen is formed

Question 33

Which food type is considered to be the most important for athletes to eat to improve performance?

A) animal proteins
B) complex carbohydrates
C) plant proteins
D) simple sugars

Question 34

Glucose can be obtained from _.

A) glycogenolysis
B) lipogenesis
C) protein anabolism
D) triglyceride anabolism

Question 35

Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)?

A) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation
B) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
C) gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle, lipolysis
D) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain

Question 36

Which of the following is not an important function of the liver?

A) synthesis of vitamin K
B) protein metabolism
C) carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
D) synthesis of bile salts

Question 37

Cholesterol, though it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it .

A) helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation
B) enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered
C) helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs
D) is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones

Question 38

As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids.

A) pancreas
B) liver
C) spleen
D) brain

Question 39

In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as _ in the oxidative state.

A) oxaloacetic acid
B) glyceraldehyde
C) pyruvic acid
D) ammonia

Question 40

Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration?

A) lactic acid production
B) oxidative phosphorylation
C) oxidation reactions
D) substrate- level phosphorylation

Question 41

What is the outcome of ketosis?

A) glucogenesis
B) metabolic acidosis
C) metabolic alkalosis
D) water retention and edema
E) glycogen buildup

Question 42

The ingestion of which nutrient type results in the greatest food- induced thermogenesis?

A) proteins
B) carbohydrates
C) lipids
D) vitamins

Question 43

The primary function of cellular respiration is to _ .

A) break down food molecules and generate ATP
B) provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals
C) efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body
D) determine the amount of heat needed by the human body

Question 44

Glycogen is formed in the liver during the .

A) absorptive state
B) starvation period
C) postabsorptive state
D) period when the metabolic rate is lowest

Question 45

Figure 24.1Using Figure 24.1, match the following:
Define amino acid pool and explain how the pool is maintained even though we excrete amino acids daily.

Question 46

Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state?

A) Only glucose metabolism occurs.
B) Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones.
C) No metabolism occurs.
D) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.

Question 47

Which of the following is not true of beta oxidation?

A) It occurs in the mitochondrion.
B) Every second carbon is reduced.
C) Fatty acids are broken into acetic acid fragments.
D) It involves the anabolism of fats.

Question 48

Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the .

A) conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water
B) conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water
C) formation of sugar
D) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Question 49

It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because _ .

A) vitamins provide protection against the common cold
B) all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization
C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
D) very few foods contain vitamins

Question 50

In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except .

A) formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes
B) production of energy
C) production of some hormones
D) production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies

Question 51

The term metabolism is best defined as _.

A) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats
B) the sum of biochemical reactions involved in building breaking down molecules
C) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories
D) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day

Question 52

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?

A) Fats and carbohydrates are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy.
B) Amino acids can be used to supply energy only after being converted to a carbohydrate intermediate.
C) Excess carbohydrate and fat can be stored as such, whereas excess amino acids are oxidized for energy or converted to fat or glycogen for storage.
D) The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins.

Question 53

Which of the following is not a function of LDLs?

A) regulate cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells
B) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver
C) make cholesterol available to tissue cells for membrane or hormone synthesis
D) assist in the storage of cholesterol when supply exceeds demand

Question 54

The amount of produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR.

A) ADH
B) thyroxine
C) norepinephrine
D) prolactin

Question 55

Figure 24.1Using Figure 24.1, match the following:
Contains ATP synthases, small rotary motors.

Question 56

Minerals required by the body in moderate amounts include all but which of the following?

A) sodium and chlorine
B) iron and selenium
C) sulfur and potassium
D) calcium and phosphorus

Question 57

Figure 24.1Using Figure 24.1, match the following:
ATP formed by oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 58

When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly .

A) ketone bodies
B) ammonia
C) acetyl CoA
D) urea

Question 59

Which of the choices below is not a major route of heat exchange?

A) evaporation
B) radiation
C) conduction/convection
D) shivering

Question 60

Which of the following statements best describes complete protein?

A) derived only from legumes and other plant material
B) must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
C) derived from meat and fish only
D) meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet

Question 61

Hypervitaminosis may have serious consequences. Which vitamin group, water or fat soluble, is most likely to be involved in such cases and why?

Question 62

What are the four mechanisms of heat exchange and how are they defined?

Question 63

Which nutritional state constitutes the period during and shortly after eating when nutrients are flushing into the bloodstream from the GI tract?

Question 64

Explain why the elderly more easily gain weight, even though they may actually eat very little.

Question 65

What is the significance of the fact that monosaccharides are phosphorylated immediately upon entry into cells?

Question 66

Figure 24.1Using Figure 24.1, match the following:
Produces the CO₂ involved during glucose oxidation.

Question 67

Compare and contrast PKU and galactosemia.

Question 68

The enzymes that catalyze oxidation- reduction reactions by removing hydrogen are specifically called .

Question 69

Figure 24.1Using Figure 24.1, match the following:
What is obesity, and what health problems accompany or follow its onset?

Question 70

Low body temperature due to excessive cold is called .

Question 71

The process of splitting glucose through a series of steps that produces two pyruvic acid molecules is called _.

Question 72

Figure 24.1Using Figure 24.1, match the following:
Ten- step enzymatically driven process that converts glucose into pyruvic acid.

Question 73

Figure 24.1Using Figure 24.1, match the following:
Where the hydrogen atoms removed during the oxidation of food fuels are combined with O₂.

Question 74

Figure 24.1Using Figure 24.1, match the following:
Explain what happens to pyruvic acid if oxygen is not present in sufficient quantities to support the electron transport system.

Question 75

Figure 24.1Using Figure 24.1, match the following:
Occurs via substrate- level phosphorylation.

Question 76

Figure 24.1Using Figure 24.1, match the following:
Involves sugar activation, sugar cleavage, and oxidation and ATP formation.

Question 77

Define nitrogen balance. List three factors that might lead to negative nitrogen balance and three that might result in positive nitrogen balance.

Question 78

The Krebs cycle produces ATP molecules per glucose molecule by substrate- level phosphorylation.

Question 79

Figure 24.1Using Figure 24.1, match the following:
In the Krebs cycle, citric acid is followed by acid.

Question 80

Fat burning causes an accumulation of acetyl CoA, which the liver converts to .