Deck 25: The Urinary System

Question 1

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is .

A) osmosis
B) active transport
C) filtration
D) cotransport with sodium ions

Answer 1

A

Question 2

If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will .

A) be completely reabsorbed by secondary active transport
B) be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells
C) be actively secreted into the filtrate
D) appear in the urine

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it _.

A) ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently
B) is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys
C) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
D) produces vitamin D and other chemicals needed by the kidney

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

A) Na+
B) creatinine
C) K+
D) glucose

Question 5

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it .

A) has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems
B) is impermeable to most substances
C) is drained by an efferent arteriole
D) has a basement membrane

Question 6

Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?

A) angiotensin II and ADH
B) angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide
C) angiotensin II and aldosterone
D) angiotensin I and epinephrine

Question 7

The artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.

A) cortical radiate
B) interlobar
C) lobar
D) arcuate

Question 8

The descending limb of the nephron loop .

A) is freely permeable to sodium and urea
B) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
C) pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule
D) is not permeable to water

Question 9

Which of the following is not true regarding tubular reabsorption?

A) It occurs via transcellular or paracellular routes.
B) It is a reclamation process.
C) It is a purely passive transport process.
D) It involves hormonal signals in the collecting ducts.

Question 10

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) .

A) decrease in the production of ADH
B) decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma
C) increase in the production of aldosterone
D) increase in the production of ADH

Question 11

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it .

A) inhibits the release of ADH
B) increases the rate of glomerular filtration
C) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells
D) increases secretion of ADH

Question 12

Which of the following is the least important influence on reabsorption of a substance in the nephron?

A) number of carriers.
B) molecule size relative to fenestrations.
C) molecular complexity
D) lipid solubility.

Question 13

Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate?

A) podocytes
B) juxtaglomerular cells
C) macula densa cells
D) mesangial cells

Question 14

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.
1) major calyx
2) minor calyx
3) nephron
4) urethra
5) ureter
6) collecting duct

A) 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4
B) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4
C) 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4
D) 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4

Question 15

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by .

A) facilitated diffusion
B) secondary active transport
C) passive transport
D) countertransport

Question 16

Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?

A) thyroxine
B) atrial natriuretic peptide
C) ADH
D) aldosterone

Question 17

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?

A) motor neurons
B) the pressure of the fluid in the bladder
C) the sympathetic efferents
D) the stretching of the bladder wall

Question 18

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the .

A) nephron
B) capsular space
C) glomerular capsule
D) nephron loop

Question 19

Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method?

A) neural regulation
B) renal autoregulation
C) electrolyte levels
D) hormonal regulation

Question 20

If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?

A) The glucose molecule is too large to be filtered out of the blood.
B) The clearance value of glucose is relatively high in a healthy adult.
C) Most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in the convoluted tubules.
D) Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed.

Question 21

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin .

A) when the pH of the urine decreases
B) by a decrease in the blood pressure
C) when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10
D) when the peritubular capillaries are dilated

Question 22

Which of the following does not describe the justaglomerular complex?

A) It regulates the rate of filtrate formation.
B) Its granular cells produce rennin.
C) It helps control systemic blood pressure.
D) Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.

Question 23

The urinary bladder is composed of epithelium.

A) simple squamous
B) stratified squamous
C) transitional
D) pseudostratified columnar

Question 24

The filtration membrane includes all except .

A) podocytes
B) renal fascia
C) basement membrane
D) glomerular endothelium

Question 25

Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular complex?

A) macula densa
B) podocyte cells
C) mesangial cells
D) granular cells

Question 26

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?

A) an efferent arteriole
B) a vasa recta
C) a podocyte
D) a fenestrated capillary

Question 27

A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is .

A) coma
B) diabetic acidosis
C) diabetes mellitus
D) diabetes insipidus

Question 28

Which of the choices below is a function of the nephron loop?

A) form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine
B) absorb electrolytes actively and water by osmosis in the same segments
C) absorb water and electrolytes into the tubular network
D) form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine

Question 29

Select the correct statement about the nephrons.

A) The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule.
B) Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron.
C) Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name.
D) The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.

Question 30

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is
)

A) protein- regulated diffusion
B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)
C) the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries
D) the ionic electrochemical gradient

Question 31

Which of the choices below is the salt level- monitoring part of the nephron?

A) vasa recta
B) principal cell
C) macula densa
D) nephron loop

Question 32

The function of angiotensin II is to .

A) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
B) decrease water absorption
C) decrease the production of aldosterone
D) decrease arterial blood pressure

Question 33

The macula densa cells respond to _.

A) aldosterone
B) antidiuretic hormone
C) changes in solute content of the filtrate
D) changes in pressure in the tubule

Question 34

Select the correct statement about urinary system development.

A) Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges.
B) The pronephros (first tubule system) develops during the tenth week of gestation.
C) The metanephric ducts will become the urethras.
D) The mesonephros will develop into the kidneys.

Question 35

In the ascending limb of the nephron loop the .

A) thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chloride
B) thick segment is permeable to water
C) thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption
D) thin segment is freely permeable to water

Question 36

Select the correct statement about the ureters.

A) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.
B) The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch.
C) Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine.
D) The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only.

Question 37

Which of the following is the correct sequence of kidney development from embryo to fetus?

A) pronephros, metanephros, mesonephros
B) mesonephros, metanephros, pronephros
C) mesonephros, pronephros, metanephros
D) pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

Question 38

Excretion of dilute urine requires .

A) the presence of ADH
B) impermeability of the collecting tubule to water
C) relative permeability of the distal tubule to water
D) transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending nephron loop

Question 39

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the .

A) distal convoluted tubule
B) nephron loop
C) collecting duct
D) glomerular filtration membrane

Question 40

Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?

A) by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions
B) by producing new bicarbonate ions
C) by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate
D) by secreting sodium ions

Question 41

The presence of pus in the urine is a condition called .

Question 42

Figure 25.1Using Figure 25.1, match the following:
Glomerulus.

Question 43

Which of the choices below is the least important role of tubular secretion?

A) disposing of substances not already in the filtrate, such as certain drugs
B) ridding the body of excessive potassium ions
C) eliminating undesirable substances such as urea and uric acid that have been reabsorbed by passive processes
D) ridding the body of bicarbonate ions

Question 44

The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of .

A) electrolytes
B) plasma protein
C) glucose
D) hormones

Question 45

An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is .

A) much higher than water
B) less than water
C) slightly higher than water
D) the same as water

Question 46

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is _.

A) accomplished after the nephron loop is reached
B) hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments
C) in the distal convoluted tubule
D) not limited by a transport maximum

Question 47

Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)?

A) Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy.
B) Only obese and diabetic older adults have any kidney dysfunction.
C) Kidney function remains the same throughout life, regardless of age.
D) Only about 3% of older adults have any loss of kidney function.

Question 48

The renal corpuscle is made up of _ .

A) the descending nephron loop
B) the renal papilla
C) Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
D) the renal pyramid

Question 49

Figure 25.2Using Figure 25.2, match the following:
Collecting duct cells.

Question 50

Figure 25.1Using Figure 25.1, match the following:
The need to get up in the middle of the night to urinate is called _.

Question 51

What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of excretion by the kidneys
B) help regulate urea absorption by the kidneys
C) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys
D) help regulate water and electrolyte excretion by the kidneys

Question 52

Figure 25.1Using Figure 25.1, match the following:
Afferent arteriole.

Question 53

What are aquaporins?

Question 54

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?

A) regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones
B) maintains blood osmolarity
C) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat
D) helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood

Question 55

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?

A) Net filtration would decrease.
B) Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that filtration would not change.
C) Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure.
D) Net filtration would increase above normal.

Question 56

Humans can survive for a period of time without water thanks to the ability of the kidneys to produce concentrated urine. Briefly explain the factors that allow this to happen.

Question 57

Figure 25.2Using Figure 25.2, match the following:
Freshly voided urine has very little smell, but shortly after voiding it can give off a very strong smell. Why?

Question 58

Figure 25.1Using Figure 25.1, match the following:
Collecting duct.

Question 59

Figure 25.2Using Figure 25.2, match the following:
Cells that reabsorb virtually all the nutrients.

Question 60

The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the .

A) colloid osmotic pressure of the blood
B) capsular hydrostatic pressure
C) myogenic mechanism
D) glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Question 61

Explain the role of aldosterone in sodium and water balance.

Question 62

Figure 25.2Using Figure 25.2, match the following:
Podocyte.

Question 63

Figure 25.2Using Figure 25.2, match the following:
Cells that are most affected by ADH.

Question 64

Figure 25.2Using Figure 25.2, match the following:
Filtrate at the site of these cells is about the same osmolarity as blood plasma.

Question 65

Figure 25.1Using Figure 25.1, match the following:
Peritubular capillaries.

Question 66

List three substances that are abnormal urinary constituents and provide the proper clinical term for such abnormalities.

Question 67

Figure 25.2Using Figure 25.2, match the following:
Cells that are the most active in reabsorbing the filtrate.

Question 68

Figure 25.2Using Figure 25.2, match the following:
Is composed of simple squamous epithelium.

Question 69

Sodium- linked water flow across a membrane not under hormonal control is called
water reabsorption.

Question 70

Figure 25.2Using Figure 25.2, match the following:
Almost no water is absorbed in these cells.

Question 71

Figure 25.2Using Figure 25.2, match the following:
Proximal convoluted tubule cells.

Question 72

Figure 25.1Using Figure 25.1, match the following:
Structure most closely associated with granular cells.

Question 73

Figure 25.2Using Figure 25.2, match the following:
The mechanism is the general tendency of vascular smooth muscle to contract when stretched.

Question 74

Figure 25.1Using Figure 25.1, match the following:
Medulla of the kidney.

Question 75

Figure 25.1Using Figure 25.1, match the following:
Nephron loop.

Question 76

Figure 25.2Using Figure 25.2, match the following:
Explain how filtration works in the glomerular capillaries.

Question 77

List and describe three pressures operating at the filtration membrane, and explain how each influences net filtration pressure.

Question 78

Explain what is meant by the terms cotransport process and transport maximum.

Question 79

ADH activated water channels called _ are essential for water reabsorption in the collecting duct.

Question 80

Figure 25.1Using Figure 25.1, match the following:
The area between the ureters and urethra is called the in a bladder.