Deck 16: The Endocrine System

Question 1

Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction?

A) strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone
B) type of hormone
C) blood levels of hormone
D) number of receptors for that hormone

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.

A) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
B) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males.
C) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.
D) A hormone made in the adenohypophysis cannot influence fertility.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as .

A) a stressor reaction
B) up- regulation
C) sensitivity increase
D) cellular affinity

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is not a type of hormone interaction?

A) permissiveness
B) synergism
C) feedback
D) antagonism

Question 5

Which of the following is not a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?

A) stimulates production of an action potential
B) alters plasma membrane permeability
C) induces secretory activity
D) activates or deactivates enzymes

Question 6

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of .

A) cortisol
B) aldosterone
C) secretin
D) insulin

Question 7

Aldosterone .

A) production is greatly influenced by ACTH
B) is secreted by the neurohypophysis
C) functions to increase sodium reabsorption
D) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood

Question 8

The hypothalamic- hypophyseal tract .

A) conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis
B) is the site of prolactin synthesis
C) is partly contained within the infundibulum
D) connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland

Question 9

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?

A) by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response
B) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
C) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure
D) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin

Question 10

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the .

A) feedback loop
B) general circulatory system
C) hypophyseal portal system
D) hepatic portal system

Question 11

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because .

A) hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene
B) peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers
C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
D) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit

Question 12

Oxytocin .

A) controls milk production
B) is an adenohypophyseal secretion
C) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
D) exerts its most important effects during menstruation

Question 13

Which of the following is not a steroid- based hormone?

A) aldosterone
B) estrogen
C) epinephrine
D) cortisone

Question 14

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to .

A) estrogen
B) epinephrine
C) testosterone
D) cortisol

Question 15

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus .

A) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
B) enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary
C) enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone- containing blood to the pituitary
D) travel by arteries to the pituitary

Question 16

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to _ _.

A) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide
B) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone
C) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
D) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone

Question 17

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?

A) It is very specific in the cell type it targets.
B) It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.
C) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.
D) It causes positive feedback.

Question 18

ADH .

A) is inhibited by alcohol
B) increases urine production
C) promotes dehydration
D) is produced in the adenohypophysis

Question 19

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because .

A) there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane
B) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
C) the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time
D) the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids

Question 20

The major targets of growth hormone are .

A) the liver
B) the blood vessels
C) bones and skeletal muscles
D) the adrenal glands

Question 21

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-based hormones?

A) sodium
B) calcium
C) iron
D) chlorine

Question 22

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second- messenger systems include .

A) possible activation of several different second- messenger systems
B) hormone binding to intracellular receptors
C) formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates
D) cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger

Question 23

Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?

A) leptin
B) secretin
C) renin
D) gastrin

Question 24

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called .

A) hormones
B) antibodies
C) enzymes
D) proteins

Question 25

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?

A) the spleen
B) the heart
C) the kidney
D) the skin

Question 26

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the
)

A) thymus gland
B) pancreas
C) adrenal medulla
D) thyroid gland

Question 27

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?

A) humoral stimulation
B) protein synthesis
C) catabolic inhibition
D) carbohydrate oxidation

Question 28

Eicosanoids do not include _.

A) paracrines
B) leukotrienes
C) prostaglandins
D) hydrocortisones

Question 29

When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight- or- flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is .

A) angiotensinogen
B) renin
C) epinephrine
D) estrogen

Question 30

The most important mineralcorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is .

A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) aldosterone
D) cortisol

Question 31

Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?

A) a change in membrane potential
B) an increase in enzymatic activity
C) direct control of the nervous system
D) the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis

Question 32

Steroid hormones exert their action by .

A) binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity
B) activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones
C) entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA
D) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Question 33

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid- based hormones exert their effects through intracellular
)

A) nucleotides
B) calcium
C) second messengers
D) deactivating ions

Question 34

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on
)

A) nothing-all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific
B) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path
C) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ
D) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

Question 35

Leptin is secreted by .

A) adipocytes
B) goblet cells
C) lymphocytes
D) fibroblasts

Question 36

The second- messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by .

A) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
B) synthesizing more than one hormone at a time
C) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ
D) altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA

Question 37

Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?

A) polydipsia
B) polycythemia
C) polyuria
D) polyphagia

Question 38

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because
)

A) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional
B) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release
C) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
D) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location

Question 39

Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

A) hormonal
B) neural
C) enzyme
D) humoral

Question 40

Which organ does not produce hormones?

A) heart
B) skin
C) kidney
D) spleen

Question 41

Figure 16.1Using Figure 16.1, match the following:
Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

Question 42

Figure 16.1Using Figure 16.1, match the following:
A person who drinks a lot of alcoholic beverages must urinate frequently. Why?

Question 43

Hypersecretion of growth hormone after epiphyseal plate closure can result in a condition called .

Question 44

Give an example of synergism in hormones.

Question 45

Briefly discuss target cell activation by hormone- receptor interaction.

Question 46

Figure 16.1Using Figure 16.1, match the following:
Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics.

Question 47

Why should the hypothalamus instead of the adenohypophysis be called the "master endocrine gland"?

Question 48

Figure 16.1Using Figure 16.1, match the following:
Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.

Question 49

Figure 16.2Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets:
What is the difference between autocrines and paracrines?

Question 50

ACTH .

A) causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla
B) is secreted by the posterior pituitary
C) is not a tropic hormone
D) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone

Question 51

As a result of stress the adenohypophysis releases , which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats.

Question 52

Figure 16.2Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets:
Thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 53

Figure 16.2Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets:
How is the heart involved as an endocrine gland?

Question 54

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is .

A) calcitonin
B) parathyroid hormone
C) gonadotropic hormones
D) thyroid hormone

Question 55

Figure 16.3Using Figure 16.3, match the following:
Produces androgens.

Question 56

Which of the following is not a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?

A) increase calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys
B) increase in intestinal absorption of calcium ions
C) inhibition of calcitonin synthesis
D) activation of osteoclasts

Question 57

Basal metabolism declines with age. What factors contribute to that decline?

Question 58

Compare the structure and function of endocrine and exocrine glands.

Question 59

Figure 16.2Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets:
Prolactin

Question 60

The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is the .

Question 61

Figure 16.2Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets:
Which hormone stimulates production of RBCs?

Question 62

Figure 16.3Using Figure 16.3, match the following:
Produces aldosterone.

Question 63

Figure 16.2Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets:
The gland may influence our day/night cycles and even regulate the onset of sexual maturity.

Question 64

Figure 16.3Using Figure 16.3, match the following:
Produces glucocorticoids.

Question 65

Figure 16.2Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets:
Alpha islet cells produce , an extremely potent hyperglycemic hormone.

Question 66

Why would one not expect to continue increasing in height with age?

Question 67

Figure 16.1Using Figure 16.1, match the following:
Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.

Question 68

Figure 16.2Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets:
Growth hormone

Question 69

Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts?

Question 70

Figure 16.1Using Figure 16.1, match the following:
Growth hormones act indirectly to make the epiphyseal plate cartilage grow. What then acts directly to make it grow?

Question 71

Figure 16.1Using Figure 16.1, match the following:
Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ.

Question 72

Figure 16.3Using Figure 16.3, match the following:
Produces epinephrine.

Question 73

Figure 16.3Using Figure 16.3, match the following:
Excess hormone levels result in Cushing's syndrome.

Question 74

Figure 16.3Using Figure 16.3, match the following:
Acromegaly and gigantism are the result of of growth hormone.

Question 75

Figure 16.2Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets:
Follicle stimulating hormone

Question 76

Figure 16.2Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 77

Which hormones are synthesized from cholesterol?

Question 78

Glucagon and insulin both target the cells of the liver and are both made in the pancreas, yet they have very different effects on the cells they target. What accounts for this fact?

Question 79

A woman with excessive body hair, a deep voice, and an enlarged clitoris shows the outward symptoms of which hormonal dysfunction?

Question 80

Figure 16.3Using Figure 16.3, match the following:
List the four mechanisms involved in the regulation of aldosterone secretion.