Deck 15: The Special Senses

Question 1

Nerve fibers from the medial aspect of each eye .

A) cross over to the opposite side at the chiasma
B) pass posteriorly without crossing over at the chiasma
C) divide at the chiasma, with some crossing and some not crossing
D) go to the superior colliculus only

Answer 1

A

Question 2

As sound levels increase in the spiral organ (of Corti), .

A) inner hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane
B) inner hair cells bend the cilia away from the kinocilium
C) outer hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane
D) outer hair cells bend the cilia away from the kinocilium

Answer 2

C

Question 3

8) During dark adaptation _ .

A) rhodopsin accumulates in the rods
B) the rate of rhodopsin breakdown is accelerated
C) the cones are activated
D) the sensitivity of the retina decreases

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Taste buds are not found .

A) in filiform papillae
B) lining the buccal cavity
C) in fungiform papillae
D) in circumvallate papillae

Question 5

Bitter taste is elicited by .

A) hydrogen ions
B) metal ions
C) acids
D) alkaloids

Question 6

Most newborns .

A) cry with copious tears
B) are myopic
C) often use only one eye at a time
D) see in tones of red and green only

Question 7

The first "way station" in the visual pathway from the eye, after there has been partial crossover of the fibers in the optic chiasma, is the .

A) temporal lobe
B) superior colliculi
C) visual cortex
D) lateral geniculate body of the thalamus

Question 8

Which of the follow types of neurons are replaced throughout adult life?

A) retinal ganglion cells
B) auditory outer and inner hair cells
C) olfactory receptor cells
D) retinal bipolar cells

Question 9

Farsightedness is more properly called _ .

A) presbyopia
B) hypopia
C) myopia
D) hyperopia

Question 10

The first vestiges of eyes in the embryo are called .

A) optic vesicles
B) mesenchyme
C) optic discs
D) optic cups

Question 11

There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves?

A) bipolar cells
B) ganglion cells
C) rod cells
D) cone cells

Question 12

An essential part of the maculae involved in static equilibrium is (are) the _ _.

A) scala media
B) cupula
C) spiral organ (of Corti)
D) otoliths

Question 13

The receptor for static equilibrium is the .

A) utricle
B) semicircular canals
C) macula
D) cochlear duct

Question 14

In the visual pathways to the brain, the optic radiations project to the _.

A) lateral geniculate body
B) optic chiasma
C) medial retina
D) primary visual cortex

Question 15

What prevents the eyelids from sticking together when the eyes close?

A) ciliary gland secretions
B) tarsal gland secretions
C) conjunctival fluid
D) lacrimal fluid

Question 16

Which of the following taste sensations is incorrectly matched to the chemicals that produce it?

A) sour-acids
B) bitter-alkaloids
C) salty-metal ions
D) umami-triglycerides and fatty acids
E) sweet-organic substances such as sugar and some lead salts

Question 17

Olfactory cells and taste buds are normally stimulated by .

A) the movement of otoliths
B) substances in solution
C) stretching of the receptor cells
D) movement of a cupula

Question 18

What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye?

A) cornea
B) lens
C) iris
D) aqueous humor

Question 19

Dark adaptation .

A) involves accumulation of rhodopsin
B) primarily involves improvement of acuity and color vision
C) results in inhibition of rod function
D) is much faster than light adaptation

Question 20

Ordinarily, it is not possible to transplant tissues from one person to another, yet corneas can be transplanted without tissue rejection. This is because the cornea .

A) has no nerve supply
B) has no blood supply
C) does not contain connective tissue
D) is not a living tissue

Question 21

Which statement about sound localization is not true?

A) It requires processing at the cortical level.
B) It requires input from both ears.
C) It is difficult to discriminate sound sources in the midline.
D) It uses time differences between sound reaching the two ears.

Question 22

Conscious perception of vision probably reflects activity in the .

A) chiasma
B) thalamus
C) superior colliculus
D) occipital lobe of the cortex

Question 23

Ceruminous glands are _ .

A) modified taste buds
B) glands found in the lateral corners of your eye
C) saliva glands found at the base of the tongue
D) modified apocrine sweat glands

Question 24

What is the main function of the rods in the eye?

A) vision in dim light
B) color vision
C) depth perception
D) accommodation for near vision

Question 25

The receptor membranes of gustatory cells are .

A) basal cells
B) gustatory hairs
C) taste buds
D) fungiform papillae

Question 26

Tinnitus, vertigo, and gradual hearing loss typify the disorder called .

A) Ménière's syndrome
B) conjunctivitis
C) motion sickness
D) strabismus

Question 27

Another name for the primary visual cortex is .

A) prefrontal cortex
B) striate cortex
C) prestriate cortex
D) collicular cortex

Question 28

Which pairing of terms is incorrectly related?

A) frequency of sound waves: number of wavelengths
B) amplitude of a sound: intensity of the sound
C) quality of a sound : frequency of the sound
D) frequency of sound waves: loudness of the sound

Question 29

Seventy percent of all sensory receptors are located in the .

A) skin
B) ears
C) nose
D) eye

Question 30

Which of the following could not be seen as one looks into the eye with an ophthalmoscope?

A) fovea centralis
B) macula lutea
C) optic chiasma
D) optic disc

Question 31

What is a modiolus?

A) a bony area around the junction of the facial, vestibular, and cochlear nerves
B) a bone pillar in the center of the cochlea
C) bone in the center of a semicircular canal
D) bone around the cochlea

Question 32

Visible light fits between .

A) X rays and UV
B) microwaves and radio waves
C) infrared and microwaves
D) UV and infrared

Question 33

The blind spot of the eye is where .

A) more rods than cones are found
B) the optic nerve leaves the eye
C) only cones occur
D) the macula lutea is located

Question 34

Receptors for hearing are located in the .

A) semicircular canals
B) cochlea
C) vestibule
D) tympanic membrane

Question 35

Which of the following is not a possible cause of conduction deafness?

A) impacted cerumen
B) otosclerosis
C) cochlear nerve degeneration
D) middle ear infection

Question 36

The cells of the retina in which action potentials are generated are the .

A) amacrine cells
B) bipolar cells
C) ganglion cells
D) rods and cones

Question 37

Which of the following is true about photoreceptors?

A) Three types of color- sensitive photoreceptors exist: red, green, and yellow.
B) Rods absorb light throughout the visual spectrum but confer only gray tone vision.
C) In dim light, images are focused directly on the rods in the fovea centralis.
D) If all cones are stimulated equally, all colors are absorbed by the cones and the color perceived is black.

Question 38

Select the correct statement about olfaction.

A) Olfactory adaptation is only due to fading of receptor cell response.
B) Olfactory receptors have a high degree of specificity toward a single type of chemical.
C) Substances must be volatile and hydrophobic in order to activate olfactory receptors.
D) Some of the sensation of olfaction is actually one of pain.

Question 39

The tarsal plate of the eyelid .

A) is composed of connective tissue surrounding a thin cartilage plate
B) is connected to the levator palpebrae
C) is connected to the superior rectus muscle
D) assists in the act of winking

Question 40

Which of the following is not a characteristic of olfactory receptor cells?

A) They are unipolar neurons.
B) They are chemoreceptors.
C) They have a short life span of about 60 days.
D) They are ciliated.

Question 41

The only special sense not fully functional at birth is the sense of .

A) taste
B) smell
C) vision
D) equilibrium
E) hearing

Question 42

Which statement about malnutrition- induced night blindness is most accurate?

A) The most common cause is vitamin D deficiency.
B) The impaired vision is caused by reduced cone function.
C) Vitamin supplements can reverse degenerative changes.
D) Visual pigment content is reduced in cones more than rods.

Question 43

Visual processing in the thalamus does not contribute significantly to .

A) movement perception
B) high- acuity vision
C) night vision
D) depth perception

Question 44

Figure 15.4Using Figure 15.4, match the following:
Semicircular canals.

Question 45

Motion sickness seems to _.

A) respond best to medication that "boosts" vestibular inputs
B) result from mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs
C) respond best to medication taken after salivation and pallor begins
D) result from activation of nausea centers in the brain stem

Question 46

Figure 15.4Using Figure 15.4, match the following:
Explain why prolonged periods of reading tire the eye muscles and result in eye strain.

Question 47

Figure 15.4Using Figure 15.4, match the following:
Contrast light and dark adaptation and include the role of the rods and cones.

Question 48

Figure 15.4Using Figure 15.4, match the following:
Pinna.

Question 49

Figure 15.4Using Figure 15.4, match the following:
Balance organ.

Question 50

Which of the following structures is not part of the external ear?

A) pharyngotympanic tube
B) tympanic membrane
C) external acoustic meatus
D) pinna

Question 51

Figure 15.4Using Figure 15.4, match the following:
What is the chemical composition of the rod pigment, rhodopsin, and how does it appear to act in the reception of light?

Question 52

Select the correct statement about equilibrium.

A) Cristae respond to angular acceleration and deceleration.
B) Hair cells of both types of equilibrium hyperpolarize only, resulting in an increased rate of impulse transmission.
C) Due to dynamic equilibrium, movement can be perceived if rotation of the body continues at a constant rate.
D) The weight of the endolymph contained within the semicircular canals against the maculae is responsible for static equilibrium.

Question 53

Which of the following is true about gustatory receptors?

A) All gustatory receptors have the same threshold for activation.
B) Complete adaptation occurs in about one to five minutes.
C) The receptors generate an action potential in response to chemical stimuli.
D) In order for a chemical to be sensed, it must be hydrophobic.

Question 54

Visual inputs to the serve to synchronize biorhythms with natural light and dark.

A) pretectal nuclei
B) superior colliculi
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus
D) lateral geniculate body

Question 55

The oval window is connected directly to which passageway?

A) external acoustic meatus
B) pharyngotympanic tube
C) scala vestibuli
D) scala tympani

Question 56

Light passes through the following structures in which order?

A) cornea, vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor
B) aqueous humor, cornea, lens, vitreous humor
C) vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, cornea
D) cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

Question 57

The eye muscle that elevates and turns the eye laterally is the .

A) medial rectus
B) superior oblique
C) inferior oblique
D) lateral rectus

Question 58

Which of the following is true about light and vision?

A) When we see the color of an object, all light is being absorbed by that object except for the color being experienced.
B) Human photoreceptors respond to light in the 100- 300 nm range.
C) Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that slows down as it enters a medium of relatively less density.
D) The greater the incident angle of light striking a refractive surface, the less the amount of light bending.

Question 59

Information from balance receptors goes directly to the .

A) back muscles
B) visual cortex
C) brain stem reflex centers
D) motor cortex

Question 60

Damage to the medial rectus muscles would probably affect _.

A) accommodation
B) convergence
C) pupil constriction
D) refraction

Question 61

Figure 15.1Using Figure 15.1, match the following:
Rod.

Question 62

Figure 15.3Using Figure 15.3, match the following:
What two things does the ciliary body do?

Question 63

Figure 15.2Using Figure 15.2, match the following:
Contains only cones; provides detailed color vision.

Question 64

Figure 15.4Using Figure 15.4, match the following:
Cochlea.

Question 65

Figure 15.3Using Figure 15.3, match the following:
Controls lens shape.

Question 66

Figure 15.2Using Figure 15.2, match the following:
Explain why your nose runs during and immediately after a good cry.

Question 67

Figure 15.1Using Figure 15.1, match the following:
Amacrine cell.

Question 68

Figure 15.2Using Figure 15.2, match the following:
Consists of a pigmented layer and a neural layer.

Question 69

Figure 15.1Using Figure 15.1, match the following:
The apex of the cochlea hears sounds in the range of _ Hz.

Question 70

Figure 15.3Using Figure 15.3, match the following:
Explain why a bad cold can result in food not tasting the same as it normally does.

Question 71

Figure 15.1Using Figure 15.1, match the following:
Explain the role of the endolymph of the semicircular canals in activating the receptors during angular motion.

Question 72

Figure 15.2Using Figure 15.2, match the following:
Blood vessels supply nutrition to all eye layers.

Question 73

Figure 15.3Using Figure 15.3, match the following:
The only tissue in the body that can be transplanted from one person to another with little or no rejection.

Question 74

Figure 15.3Using Figure 15.3, match the following:
After head trauma from an automobile accident, a man has anosmia. Define anosmia. Why is this condition fairly common after such injuries and in cases of severe nasal cavity inflammation?

Question 75

Figure 15.1Using Figure 15.1, match the following:
High frequency sounds are detected when the basilar membrane is displaced near the .

Question 76

Figure 15.2Using Figure 15.2, match the following:
Taste sensation also involves chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and
.

Question 77

Figure 15.2Using Figure 15.2, match the following:
Protects and shapes the eyeball; provides a sturdy anchoring site for extrinsic eye muscles.

Question 78

Figure 15.4Using Figure 15.4, match the following:
Stapes.

Question 79

Figure 15.1Using Figure 15.1, match the following:
Taste is solely a response to chemicals dissolved in .

Question 80

Figure 15.3Using Figure 15.3, match the following:
Acts as a reflexively activated diaphragm to vary pupil size.