Deck 11: Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

Question 1

Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane?

A) Specific sodium gates will open.
B) Sodium gates will open first, then close as potassium gates open.
C) A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.
D) Specific potassium gates will open.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with .

A) hyperpolarization
B) opening of voltage- regulated channels
C) a change in sodium ion permeability
D) lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called .

A) ganglia
B) tracts
C) nuclei
D) nerves

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function?

A) senses changes in the environment
B) responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction
C) analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions

Question 5

Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes?

A) guide the migration of young neurons, synapse formation, and helping to determine capillary permeability
B) support and brace neurons
C) control the chemical environment around neurons
D) anchor neurons to blood vessels
E) provide the defense for the CNS

Question 6

Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons?

A) They have extreme longevity.
B) They conduct impulses.
C) They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate.
D) They are mitotic.

Question 7

In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is .

A) negatively charged and contains less sodium
B) positively charged and contains more sodium
C) negatively charged and contains more sodium
D) positively charged and contains less sodium

Question 8

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until .

A) the membrane potential has been reestablished
B) all sodium gates are closed
C) proteins have been resynthesized
D) the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell

Question 9

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus?

A) type of stimulus receptor
B) origin of the stimulus
C) frequency of action potentials
D) size of action potentials

Question 10

What is the role of acetylcholinesterase?

A) stimulate the production of acetylcholine
B) destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axon endings
C) act as a transmitting agent
D) amplify or enhance the effect of ACh

Question 11

When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) .

A) action potential
B) excitatory potential
C) generator potential
D) postsynaptic potential

Question 12

Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system?

A) innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract
B) innervation of glands
C) innervation of cardiac muscle
D) innervation of skeletal muscle

Question 13

Which of the following neurotransmitters inhibits pain and is mimicked by morphine, heroin, and methadone?

A) acetylcholine
B) nitric oxide
C) serotonin
D) endorphin

Question 14

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?

A) cholinesterase
B) acetylcholine
C) norepinephrine
D) gamma aminobutyric acid

Question 15

The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) .

A) biogenic amine
B) ion
C) cholinesterase
D) neurotransmitter

Question 16

Which of the following is not true of graded potentials?

A) They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.
B) They can be called postsynaptic potentials.
C) They are short- lived.
D) They can form on receptor endings.

Question 17

Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes?

A) Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels.
B) Ions always move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
C) Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.
D) Ions always move passively across membranes.

Question 18

If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon _ .

A) muscle contraction would occur
B) the impulse would move to the axon terminal only, and the muscle contraction would occur
C) the impulse would spread bidirectionally
D) the impulse would move to the axon terminal only

Question 19

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n)
)

A) afferent neuron
B) glial cell
C) association neuron
D) efferent neuron

Question 20

Which of the following is false or incorrect?

A) An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold.
B) An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane.
C) A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.

Question 21

The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) _ .

A) Schwann cell
B) neurolemma
C) axon
D) dendrite

Question 22

Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters?

A) amino acid
B) ATP and other purines
C) nucleic acid
D) biogenic amine
E) acetycholine

Question 23

Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential?

A) amplitude of various sizes
B) long distance signaling
C) voltage stimulus to initiate
D) voltage regulated repolarization

Question 24

An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the .

A) cell body
B) receptor
C) synapse
D) effector

Question 25

Bipolar neurons are commonly .

A) found in ganglia
B) motor neurons
C) called neuroglial cells
D) found in the retina of the eye

Question 26

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the
)

A) absolute refractory period
B) repolarization
C) depolarization
D) resting period

Question 27

Schwann cells are functionally similar to .

A) ependymal cells
B) oligodendrocytes
C) microglia
D) astrocytes

Question 28

The term central nervous system refers to the .

A) spinal cord and spinal nerves
B) brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
C) brain and spinal cord
D) peripheral and spinal nerves

Question 29

Define synaptic delay.

Question 30

Neuroglia found in the CNS that bind axons and blood vessels to each other are called
.

Question 31

Which of the choices below describes the ANS?

A) sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS
B) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
C) sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract
D) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

Question 32

Potentials that are short- lived, local changes in membrane potential that can be either depolarized or hyperpolarized are called potentials.

Question 33

Saltatory conduction is made possible by _ .

A) erratic transmission of nerve impulses
B) diphasic impulses
C) large nerve fibers
D) the myelin sheath

Question 34

Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are .

A) oligodendrocytes
B) astrocytes
C) Schwann cells
D) microglia

Question 35

Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials?

A) mechanically gated channel
B) ligand- gated channel
C) voltage- gated channel
D) leakage channel

Question 36

Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open?

A) calcium
B) chloride
C) potassium
D) sodium

Question 37

Select the correct statement regarding synapses.

A) Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminals of cells.
B) The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled.
C) The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another.
D) Cells with gap junctions use chemical synapses.

Question 38

What are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called?

A) oligodendrocytes
B) astrocytes
C) ependymal cells
D) Schwann cells

Question 39

Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential?

A) opens K+ or Cl- channels
B) moves membrane potential away from threshold
C) short distance depolarization
D) short distance hyperpolarization

Question 40

Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N- CAMs) .

A) release nerve growth factor
B) are crucial for the development of neural connections
C) are found on "pathfinder" neurons
D) are crucial in the production of neurotransmitters

Question 41

Figure 11.2Using Figure 11.2, match the following:
Synaptic vesicles.

Question 42

Figure 11.1Using Figure 11.1, match the following:
Which pattern of neural processing is important for higher level mental processing such as problem solving?

Question 43

Figure 11.1Using Figure 11.1, match the following:
Which neuron is never myelinated?

Question 44

Why does a hyperpolarization phase generally follow a repolarization phase in an action potential?

Question 45

Figure 11.2Using Figure 11.2, match the following:
Postsynaptic membrane.

Question 46

Figure 11.1Using Figure 11.1, match the following:
What is the difference between a direct acting neurotransmitter and an indirect acting neurotransmitter?

Question 47

Figure 11.1Using Figure 11.1, match the following:
Which neuron is rare?

Question 48

Figure 11.1Using Figure 11.1, match the following:
Which neuron is a sensory neuron found in a reflex arc?

Question 49

Figure 11.1Using Figure 11.1, match the following:
Because all action potentials are alike, how does the brain separate situations that require immediate attention from ordinary "positional" reports?

Question 50

Figure 11.2Using Figure 11.2, match the following:
Ion channel.

Question 51

Figure 11.1Using Figure 11.1, match the following:
What is the role of microglial cells and why are they so important in the CNS?

Question 52

Figure 11.1Using Figure 11.1, match the following:
Which neuron would connect to a muscle?

Question 53

How can a single axon respond to several different kinds of events?

Question 54

Figure 11.2Using Figure 11.2, match the following:
Synaptic cleft.

Question 55

Figure 11.1Using Figure 11.1, match the following:
Imagine a neuron that has several hundred axonal knobs impinging on it. The majority of these axonal knobs are shown to be "firing." However, the neuron in question does not transmit an impulse. Give a valid explanation of why this could occur.

Question 56

Figure 11.2Using Figure 11.2, match the following:
Calcium ions.

Question 57

The synapse more common in embryonic nervous tissue than in adults is the _ _.

Question 58

Figure 11.1Using Figure 11.1, match the following:
That part of the nervous system that is voluntary and conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles is the nervous system.

Question 59

Figure 11.2Using Figure 11.2, match the following:
When one or more presynaptic neurons fire in rapid order it produces a much greater depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane than would result from a single EPSP; this event is called summation.

Question 60

Figure 11.1Using Figure 11.1, match the following:
In a reflex arc, which neuron has its cell body inside the spinal cord?

Question 61

Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli.

Question 62

Large- diameter nerve fibers conduct impulses much faster than small- diameter fibers.

Question 63

A postsynaptic potential is a graded potential that is the result of a neurotransmitter released into the synapse between two neurons.

Question 64

The oligodendrocytes can myelinate several axons.

Question 65

What are the basic divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

Question 66

In myelinated axons the voltage- regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier.

Question 67

Figure 11.1Using Figure 11.1, match the following:
Which neuron is common only in dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves?

Question 68

What function is served by the increased axon diameter at the nodes of Ranvier?

Question 69

During depolarization, the inside of the neuron's membrane becomes less negative.

Question 70

Enkephalins and endorphins are peptides that act like morphine.

Question 71

The nodes of Ranvier are found only on myelinated, peripheral neuron processes.

Question 72

Figure 11.1Using Figure 11.1, match the following:
When information is delivered within the CNS simultaneously by different parts of the neural pathway, the process is called processing.

Question 73

Figure 11.1Using Figure 11.1, match the following:
A chemical messenger that does not directly cause ESPSs or IPSPs but does affect the strength of synaptic transmission is a .

Question 74

What mechanism is responsible for axonal transport?

Question 75

Neurons in the CNS are organized into functional groups.

Question 76

Figure 11.1Using Figure 11.1, match the following:
Which neuron would be found in the retina of the eye?

Question 77

Strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase.

Question 78

Cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system.

Question 79

Figure 11.1Using Figure 11.1, match the following:
Which is by far the most common neuron type?

Question 80

The all- or- none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place.