Deck 9: Capital Budgeting

Question 1

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: It's not only chemical-free products that are organic.

Answer 1

Some organic products are not chemical-free products.

Question 2

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: There's nobody in the park except members of the Lucero family.

Answer 2

All people in the park are members of the Lucero family.

Question 3

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Not every product that's organic is actually a chemical-free product.

Answer 3

Some organic products are not chemical-free products.

Question 4

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Not all savings institutions are banks.

Question 5

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: The morning star is actually the evening star.

Question 6

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Except for members of the Lucero family, there's nobody in the park.

Question 7

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: The only organic products are chemical-free products.

Question 8

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Banks are not the only savings institutions.

Question 9

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: People always duck when Richard picks up a golf club.

Question 10

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Only organic products are chemical-free products.

Question 11

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Lydia is the only person in our group who sold stock before the crash.

Question 12

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Only banks can be savings institutions.

Question 13

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Banks are the only savings institutions.

Question 14

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: People duck whenever Richard picks up a golf club.

Question 15

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Whenever Tony plays the accordion, people leave.

Question 16

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Chemical-free products are not the only organic products.

Question 17

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Mr. Ashcroft isn't at home.

Question 18

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: People always leave when Tony plays the accordion.

Question 19

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Tricia's dog goes wherever she goes.

Question 20

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Chemical-free products are the only organic products.

Question 21

Using the square of opposition and the truth value of the first claim, determine the truth values of the other claims.
a. : All surprises are unpleasant events.
b. No surprises are unpleasant events.
c. Some surprises are unpleasant events.
d. Some surprises are not unpleasant events.

Question 22

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Angels aren't real.

Question 23

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Exceptional employees are always rewarded.

Question 24

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: There's nobody here except me.

Question 25

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Many Democrats are conservative.

Question 26

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Wherever there's smoke, there's fire.

Question 27

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: All the people I know who are named "Brooke" have birthdays in December.

Question 28

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: The only people who vote are members.

Question 29

Which of the following are similar claims?
a. If you haven't been tested, then you cannot give blood.
b. If you can give blood, then you haven't been tested.
c. You can give blood only if you've been tested.
d. Nobody who's been tested cannot give blood.
e. Everybody who has not been tested cannot give blood.

Question 30

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Not every gambler is a criminal.

Question 31

Using the square of opposition and the truth value of the first claim, determine the truth values of the other claims.
a. : Some winters are dry seasons.
b. No winters are dry seasons.
c. All winters are dry seasons.
d. Some winters are not dry seasons.

Question 32

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Only athletes play in the National Basketball Association.

Question 33

Using the square of opposition and the truth value of the first claim, determine the truth values of the other claims.
a. : No guppies are egg-layers.
b. All guppies are egg-layers.
c. Some guppies are egg-layers.
d. Some guppies are not egg-layers.

Question 34

Using the square of opposition and the truth value of the first claim, determine what, if anything, follows about the truth values of the other claims.
a. : Some frozen dinners are nutritious meals.
b. All frozen dinners are nutritious meals.
c. No frozen dinners are nutritious meals.
d. Some frozen dinners are not nutritious meals.

Question 35

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Mechanics make great lovers.

Question 36

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Richard Nixon was not impeached.

Question 37

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Few voters think critically.

Question 38

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Nobody in middle school did better on the exam than Lauren.

Question 39

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: If it's a gigantosaurus, then it's bigger than a tyrannosaurus rex.

Question 40

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: People can't register unless they pay the fee.

Question 41

Assume that the original claim is , and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?

Question 42

Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim. Translation into standard form may be required.
a. Some fish from the river have been found to contain toxic levels of trace minerals. ()
b. No fish in which toxic levels of trace minerals have not been found have come from the river.

Question 43

Assume that the original claim is , and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?

Question 44

Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim. Translation into standard form may be required.
a. Optical disks never wear out. ()
b. Some disks other than optical disks do sometimes wear out.

Question 45

Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim. Translation into standard form may be required.
a. British comedies are always more sophisticated than American comedies. ()
b. Some comedies that are no more sophisticated than American comedies come from Britain.

Question 46

Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim.
a. All Xs are non-Ys. ()
b. Some Ys are Xs.

Question 47

Assume that the original claim is , and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?

Question 48

Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim.
a. Some non-Xs are not Ys. ()
b. No Xs are non-Ys.

Question 49

Assume that the original claim is , and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?

Question 50

Assume that the original claim is , and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?

Question 51

Assume that the original claim is , and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?

Question 52

Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim. Translation into standard form may be required.
a. Not everybody who was indicted by the grand jury went to trial. ()
b. Some of the people who did not go to trial are people who were not indicted by the grand jury.

Question 53

Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim. Translation into standard form may be required.
a. Not everybody who was indicted by the grand jury went to trial. ()
b. Some of the people who did not go to trial are people who were not indicted by the grand jury.

Question 54

Assume that the original claim is , and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?

Question 55

Assume that the original claim is , and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?

Question 56

Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim.
a. No Xs are non-Ys. ()
b. Some Xs are Ys.

Question 57

Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim. Translation into standard form may be required.
a. None of the clothes that were bought at Severn's lasted very long. ()
b. Some of the clothes that lasted a long time are clothes that were not bought at Severn's.

Question 58

Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim. Translation into standard form may be required.
a. Every editorial that Smathers has written has been one in which he attacks the city council. ()
b. At least one of the editorials that has not attacked the city council was not written by Smathers.

Question 59

Assume that the original claim is , and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?

Question 60

Assume that the original claim is , and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?

Question 61

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
Anything that might indicate an increased risk of heart attack should be taken very seriously by anyone over forty. So high levels of low-density lipids in the bloodstream ought to be taken seriously by such people, because they definitely are indicators of increased risk.

Question 62

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
All the networks devoted considerable attention to reporting poll results during the last election, but many of those poll results were not especially newsworthy. So the networks have to admit that some unnewsworthy items received quite a bit of their attention.

Question 63

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism, and determine whether it is valid.
Being a mathematical prodigy is not enough to guarantee success at solving problems such as Fermat's Last Theorem, because several mathematical prodigies tried their hands at that very problem, and nobody could solve it until just a few years ago.

Question 64

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
No coinsurance policies are policies that cover the full value of the property.
Some policies that cover the full value of the property are discounted policies.
So, some discounted policies are not coinsurance policies.

Question 65

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism, and determine whether it is valid.
In this country, nothing counts except success on the job. And since traditional women's work has not counted as a "job," such work has not been properly appreciated.

Question 66

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism, and determine whether it is valid.
God, by definition, possesses all perfections. Existence, by definition, is a perfection. Therefore God, by definition, exists.

Question 67

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
Some Xs are Ys.
No Zs are Ys.
So, some Xs are not Zs.

Question 68

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
No Xs are Ys.
Some Ys are not Zs.
So, some Xs are not Zs.

Question 69

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism, and determine whether it is valid.
From a letter to the editor: "Any project that gets taxpayers' money ought to be one that the taxpayers get some sort of benefit from, don't you think? So if the Federal Aviation Authority is going to pour millions in public funds into automated flight centers at all privately owned airports, then justice can only be served by forcing those airports to begin offering services to the public as well as their current wealthy patrons."

Question 70

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
Only people who have lost a job can appreciate the difficulties the loss can cause. Some of the people in this room have lost jobs in the past, so there are people in this room who can appreciate the resulting troubles.

Question 71

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
All Xs are Ys.
No Ys are Zs.
So, no Xs are Zs.

Question 72

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism; then, determine whether it is valid using either a Venn diagram or the rules of the syllogism.
Only those courses that are in the schedule will be offered. Among the courses that will not be offered is History 105, History of Europe. Therefore, History 105 is not in the schedule.

Question 73

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism; then, determine whether it is valid using either a Venn diagram or the rules of the syllogism.
All legislatures are more influenced by the legal profession than by any other, but it is legislatures that make the rules by which the legal profession operates. So, the result is that the bodies that make the rules for the lawyers' profession are bodies most influenced by that very profession.

Question 74

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
Some early Christians were rationalists.
All early Gnostics were rationalists.
So, some early Gnostics were Christians.

Question 75

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism; then, determine whether it is valid using either a Venn diagram or the rules of the syllogism.
"Not necessarily, Mr. Dalgliesh. Suppose it's a double bluff. Suppose he's saying in effect, 'Look, I can prove I knew the Whistler was dead. Whoever killed Hilary Robarts didn't know. So why aren't you looking for someone who hadn't been told that the Whistler's body had been found?'" -P.
D.James, Devices and Desires

Question 76

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism, and determine whether it is valid.
None of the southern provinces of Spain were outside the control of the Moors before the end of the fifteenth century. So all the provinces of Andalucia must have been within Moorish control, because all of them are southern provinces.

Question 77

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism; then, determine whether it is valid using either a Venn diagram or the rules of the syllogism.
"No country can vote for a man as President who aims to destroy the system he heads. That's why we didn't support [Stipe] Mesic." -Borisav Jovic, former president of Yugoslavia

Question 78

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism, and determine whether it is valid.
The new dean at Stratford Business School initiated many new policies after taking office. All of the new policies emphasized employee and customer satisfaction. After a conversation with the new dean, an associate dean remarked that since none of the policies of the old curriculum was among those initiated by the dean, the associate dean had to conclude, to his surprise, that none of the old curriculum policies emphasized employee and customer satisfaction.

Question 79

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
Every vice president has an advantage over his opponent in a presidential election. Senator Junket is not a vice president, of course, so he cannot have an advantage in the coming election.

Question 80

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
Everybody who exhibits hubris is an arrogant person.
Some arrogant people are not sympathetic people.
So, some people who exhibit hubris are not sympathetic people.