Deck 15: Physiology of Sleep Disordered Breathing

Question 1

Which phase is characterized by the presence of K-complexes?

A) Stage 1 NREM
B) REM
C) Stage 2 NREM
D) Awake

Answer 1

Stage 2 NREM

Question 2

Which of the following is the most common dyssomnia in the United States?

A) Hypersomnolence
B) MSA
C) CSA
D) OSA

Answer 2

OSA

Question 3

Which of the following are consequences of uncorrected OSA?
I.Decreased libido
II.Decreased mental performance
III.Hypertension
IV.Exacerbation of coronary artery disease

A) I, II, IV
B) II, III
C) I, II, III, IV
D) II, III, IV

Answer 3

I, II, III, IV

Question 4

What neck circumference is highly correlated with the incidence of OSA in men?

A) Greater than 15 inches
B) Greater than 16 inches
C) Greater than 17 inches
D) Greater than 18 inches

Question 5

Which of the following anatomical abnormalities are considered contributing factors to OSA?
I.Macroglossia
II.Micrognathia
III.Retrognathia
IV.Deviated nasal septum

A) I, II, IV
B) I, IV
C) I, II, III, IV
D) II, III, IV

Question 6

Which of the following anatomical structures are visualized to determine the Mallampati Score?
I.Tongue
II.Hard and soft palate
III.Epiglottis
IV.Uvula

A) I, II, IV
B) I, IV
C) I, II, III, IV
D) II, III

Question 7

EEG tracings during REM typically reflect the level of brain activity seen in which state?

A) Stage 1 NREM
B) REM
C) Stage 2 NREM
D) Awake

Question 8

Which of the following environmental cues plays an important role in the regulation of sleep?

A) Touch
B) Light
C) Food
D) Wind

Question 9

How long does the typical individual stay in NREM before transitioning to REM?

A) 5 to 30 minutes
B) 10 to 15 minutes
C) 60 to 90 minutes
D) 1 to 5 minutes

Question 10

What is a common complaint of individuals with nasal septum abnormalities?

A) Hypoxemia
B) Headache
C) Poor quality of sleep
D) Snoring

Question 11

Which of the following risk factors are associated with worsening of OSA?
I.BMI 25
II.Alcohol ingestion before bedtime
III.Smoking
IV.Diabetes

A) I, II, IV
B) I, II, III
C) I, II, III, IV
D) II, III, IV

Question 12

What reduction of the tidal volume is considered as defining hypopnea?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 50%

Question 13

Which of the following are neurotransmitters that mediate arousal?
I.Histamine
II.Serotonin
III.Norepinephrine
IV.Acetylcholine

A) I, II, III
B) I, IV
C) I, II, III, IV
D) II, III

Question 14

Which phase is characterized by the presence of delta waves?

A) Stage 1 NREM
B) REM
C) Stage 2 NREM
D) Stage 3 NREM

Question 15

In which stage do adults spend most of the total sleep period?

A) Stage 1 NREM
B) REM
C) Stage 2 NREM
D) Awake

Question 16

Which of the following is the most common SBD?

A) Dyssomnias
B) Parassomnias
C) Sleep sickness
D) Snoring

Question 17

Which of the following SBDs is more common in children and infants than in adults?

A) Hypersomnolence
B) MSA
C) CSA
D) OSA

Question 18

Which phase is characterized by the presence of alpha waves?

A) Stage 1 NREM
B) REM
C) Stage 2 NREM
D) Awake

Question 19

Which of the following is the most vulnerable position for the patient with OSA?

A) Prone
B) Supine
C) Side
D) Fowler's

Question 20

Apnea is defined as absence of ventilation lasting more than how many seconds?

A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 30

Question 21

Which of the following therapies are considered options for treating SDB?
I.PAP therapy
II.Oral appliances
III.Positional solutions
IV.Tongue enlargement procedures

A) I, II, III
B) II, III
C) I, II, III, IV
D) II, III, IV

Question 22

The absence of thoracic and abdominal efforts with loss of airflow in a patient who has been successfully treated for OSA with CPAP is consistent with the presence of which of the following disorders?

A) OSA
B) Cheyne-Stokes respirations
C) MSA
D) Hypopnea

Question 23

An AHI of 50 in a sleep study should be interpreted as what?

A) Mild sleep apnea
B) Moderate sleep apnea
C) Severe sleep apnea
D) Mixed sleep apnea

Question 24

What is the gold standard test to determine the presence of a sleep disorder?

A) PSG
B) ABG
C) CT of the upper airway
D) V/Q scan

Question 25

What is the goal of titrating PAP for individuals with sleep disorders?

A) Using PAP pressure to reduce AHI to 10 or less per hour while the patient is in the prone position
B) Using PAP pressure to reduce AHI to 5 or less per hour while the patient is in the supine position
C) Using PAP pressure to reduce AHI to 10 or less per hour while the patient is in the supine position
D) Using PAP pressure to reduce AHI to 15 or less per hour while the patient is in the semi-Fowler's position

Question 26

What is the most common sign of CSA?

A) Snoring
B) Difficulty swallowing
C) Dysphonia
D) Cheyne-Stokes respirations

Question 27

Long-standing SDB has been associated with the presence of which of the following diseases?

A) Cardiovascular disease
B) Renal failure
C) Cerebral disease
D) Lung disease