Deck 5: Ethical Decision Making

Question 1

The _____ can be defined as a set of values,norms,and artifacts,including ways of solving problems shared by members of an organization.

A)corporate culture
B)intentions of a corporation
C)ethical issue awareness
D)determination of a corporation
E)individual factors

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Studies have shown that _____ within the organization have more impact on a worker's decisions on a daily basis than any other factor.

A)significant others
B)religion
C)education
D)chief executive officers
E)ethical issues

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is not considered a significant other group in the workplace?

A)Peers
B)Managers
C)Spouses
D)Coworkers
E)Subordinates

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to the ethical decision-making framework,the absence of punishment provides a(n)_____ for unethical behavior.

A)reason
B)significant other
C)individual factor
D)opportunity
E)ethical issue intensity

Question 5

Which of the following is not one of the six "spheres of influence" to which individuals are subject when confronted with an ethical issue?

A)Educational attainment
B)Workplace
C)Family
D)Legal system
E)Community

Question 6

External and internal rewards relate to which part of the ethical decision-making framework?

A)Individual factors
B)Significant others
C)Cognitive moral development
D)Obedience to authority
E)Opportunity

Question 7

Which of the following is not an individual factor that affects business ethics?

A)Nationality
B)Age
C)Religion
D)Significant others
E)Education

Question 8

The perceived relevance or importance of an ethical issue to the individual,work group,or organization is

A)organizational culture.
B)immediate job context.
C)ethical issue intensity.
D)leadership.
E)locus of control.

Question 9

Philosopher John Rawls believed

A)political institutions significantly influenced the development of values.
B)ethical decision making models should only use normative approaches.
C)competition should be completely free of government intervention.
D)justice principles were beliefs that everyone could accept.
E)opportunity factors had the greatest influence over business ethical decision making.

Question 10

Multiple elements work on individuals to affect their behavior.While an individual may intend to do the right thing,_____ can alter this intent.

A)cognitive dissonance
B)familial expectations
C)religious beliefs
D)the desire for financial gain
E)organizational or social forces

Question 11

Normative approaches focus on

A)how organizational decision makers should approach an issue.
B)methods for adopting values and norms within an organization.
C)models that describe an individual's moral philosophies.
D)ways to determine the moral intensity of an ethical issue.
E)how organizational decision makers make ethical decisions.

Question 12

Which of the following would not be considered a negative reinforcement of employee behavior?

A)Demotions
B)Firings
C)Ignoring the behavior
D)Reprimands
E)Pay penalties

Question 13

_____ have been found to decrease unethical practices and increase positive work behavior.

A)High educational attainment levels
B)High levels of community involvement
C)Charismatic leaders
D)Strong religious beliefs
E)Good personal values

Question 14

_____ is the first sign that an unethical decision has occurred.

A)Guilt
B)Reward
C)Punishment
D)Cognitive dissonance
E)Happiness

Question 15

_____ involves subordinates simply following the directives of a superior without question.It demonstrates the influence that significant others can exert in the workplace.

A)Obedience to authority
B)Locus of control
C)Opportunity
D)Transactional leadership
E)Immediate job context

Question 16

Which of the following is the first step in the ethical decision making process?

A)Being socialized into the firm's corporate culture
B)Applying a personal moral philosophy in order to individualize the ethical decision making process
C)Recognizing that an ethical issue exists
D)Soliciting the opinions of others in a work group or in the overall business in order to gain feedback
E)Enforcing the firm's ethical standards with rewards and punishment

Question 17

Codes,rules,and compliance are essential in organizations.However,an organization built on _____ is more likely to develop a high integrity corporate culture.

A)a charismatic leader
B)the preferences of the CEO
C)the grapevine
D)formal relationships
E)informal relationships

Question 18

Studies have found that more than a third of the unethical situations that lower and middle-level managers face come from _____.

A)stakeholder expectations and pressures.
B)pressures to satisfy customers.
C)pressures from the government to perform at a high level.
D)internal pressures and ambiguity surrounding internal organizational rules.
E)struggles to obey relevant laws.

Question 19

People who believe in _____ go with the flow because they feel the events in their lives are uncontrollable.

A)ethical decision making
B)internal locus of control
C)an ethical culture
D)external locus of control
E)significant others.

Question 20

Following the ethical directives of a superior relates to

A)an internal locus of control.
B)obedience to authority.
C)moral intensity.
D)gender.
E)ethical issue intensity.

Question 21

Normative business ethics takes into account the _____ realities outside the legal realm in the form of industry standards.

A)Descriptive
B)Political
C)Social
D)Economic
E)Normative

Question 22

_____________ is/are important in establishing a foundation for normative values.

A)Corporate conduct
B)Descriptive approaches
C)Codes of ethics
D)Institutions
E)Opportunity 

Question 23

Research concerning nationality and the ability to make ethical decisions

A)shows no relationship between the two.
B)is hard to interpret in a business context because of cultural differences.
C)suggests that organizations should be very concerned about an employee's nationality.
D)suggests that corporations pay a lot of attention to such research.
E)suggests that the influence of nationality on corporate culture is growing.

Question 24

_____ culture involves values and norms that prescribe a wide range of behavior for organizational members,while _____ culture reflects the integrity of decisions made and is a function of many factors,including corporate policies,top management's leadership on ethical issues,the influence of coworkers,and the opportunity for unethical behavior.

A)Ethical, corporate
B)External, internal
C)Corporate, ethical
D)Positive, negative
E)Compromising, collaborative

Question 25

All of the following are true regarding institutions except

A)Stakeholders closely align with institutions.
B)The regulatory system aligns with political institutions.
C)There is no clear link between institutional theory and the stakeholder orientation of management.
D)Competition relates to economic institutions.
E)Personal values and norms derive from social institutions.

Question 26

Those who have influence in a work group are referred to as significant others and include

A)peers, managers, coworkers, and subordinates.
B)family members, peers, and coworkers.
C)spouses and friends.
D)employees in similar job situations.
E)employees who hold the same job.

Question 27

An ethical corporate culture needs _____ along with _____ to establish an ethics program and monitor the complex ethical decisions being made by employees .

A)individual ethics; ethical issue intensity
B)ethical issue intensity; ethics training
C)organizational factors; individual factors
D)employee evaluations; good intentions
E)shared values; proper oversight

Question 28

______________ are central to an organization and provide directions for action.

A)Core values
B)Normative approaches
C)Ethical issues
D)Opportunities
E)Institutions

Question 29

_____ is the ability to perceive whether a situation or decision has an ethical dimension.

A)Ethical issue intensity
B)Locus of control
C)Ethical awareness
D)Moral intensity
E)Opportunity

Question 30

High levels of _____ create a higher probability that firms cut corners because margins are usually low.

A)Profit
B)Return
C)Cooperation
D)Competition
E)Loss

Question 31

_____ is an organizational factor that gives a company specific characteristics.Over time,stakeholders begin to see the company as like a living organism with a mind and will of its own.

A)Oversight
B)Significant others
C)Corporate culture
D)The ethical climate
E)The legal climate

Question 32

_____ relates to individuals' perceptions of social pressure and the harm they believe their decisions will have on others.

A)Ethical awareness
B)Moral intensity
C)Individual factors
D)Ethical issue intensity
E)Social awareness

Question 33

When we discuss _____ approaches,we are talking about how organizational decision makers actually approach ethical issues.

A)Normative
B)Individual
C)Descriptive
D)Organizational
E)Values-based

Question 34

The _____ includes the motivational "carrots and sticks" superiors use to influence employee behavior.

A)Obedience to authority
B)Immediate job context
C)Locus of control
D)Normative approach
E)Descriptive approach

Question 35

All of the following are true with regards to organizational factors except

A)Employees approach ethical issues on the basis of what they learned from others in the organization.
B)An alignment between a person's own values and the values of the organization help create positive organizational outcomes.
C)Congruence in personal and organizational values is related to commitment, satisfaction, motivation, ethics, work stress, and anxiety.
D)Ethical choices in organizations are most often made individually.
E)Just as a family guides an individual, specific industries give behavioral cues to firms.

Question 36

Employees who believe they control the events in their lives by their own effort and skill have a(n)

A)external locus of control.
B)moral intensity
C)obedience to authority
D)opportunity
E)internal locus of control.

Question 37

For people who begin the value shift that leads to unethical decisions,which of the following is not a usual justification to reduce and eliminate guilt?

A)I need a paycheck and can't afford to quit right now.
B)Those around me are doing it so why shouldn't I?
C)If I don't do this, I might not be able to get a good reference from my boss when I leave.
D)If I don't do this, I might never be promoted.
E)This is in keeping with my personal morals and the code of conduct, so it is okay.

Question 38

The ethical decision making process in business includes all of the following except

A)Individual factors
B)Opportunity
C)Ethical issue intensity
D)Society's view of the decision
E)Organizational factors

Question 39

The relationship between business ethics and age

A)shows a negative correlation.
B)is simple, and greater experience leads to better ethical decision making.
C)is complex, although experience helps older employees make ethical decisions.
D)suggests that employees with less experience have a greater ability to deal with complex industry-specific ethical issues.
E)does not demonstrate a statistically significant correlation.

Question 40

_____ institutions include religion,education,and individuals such as the family unit.

A)Social
B)Conservative
C)Economic
D)Liberal
E)Political

Question 41

Organizations that have ethics programs based on a _____ orientation are found to make a greater contribution than those based simply on compliance,or obeying laws and regulations.

A)Customer
B)Political
C)Principles
D)Values
E)Social

Question 42

Describe and demonstrate some of the similarities and differences between principles and values.Why are principles and values important normative considerations in ethical decision making?

Question 43

Values have all the following characteristics except

A)Provides guidance to organizations
B)Subjective and related to choice
C)Widely accepted
D)Used to develop norms
E)Differs across cultures and firms

Question 44

Trace the ethical decision-making process.You may find it helpful to apply the model to a real business situation or to a hypothetical ethical issue you develop yourself.

Question 45

The _____ states that economic and social equalities should be arranged to provide the most benefit to the least-advantaged members of society.

A)Equality principle
B)Difference principle
C)Constitutional principle
D)Liberty principle
E)Justice principle

Question 46

What is the last step in the ethical decision-making process? ?

A)?Individuals' intentions and what action they are going to take
B)?Evaluation of whether the decision is an ethical issue
C)?Analysis of individual, organizational, and opportunity factors
D)?The application of moral philosophies to the decision
E)?How others in the organization view the decision

Question 47

In the workplace,the organization's values often have a greater influence on a decision than the person's own values.?

Question 48

___________ reflects the integrity of decisions made and is a function of many factors.?

A)?Ethical awareness
B)?Ethical culture
C)?Organizational environment
D)?Moral intensity
E)?Corporate culture

Question 49

The thought experiment used by John Rawls that examined how individuals would formulate principles if they did not know what their future position in society would be is called

A)Equality principle
B)Utilitarian veil
C)Liberty principle
D)Universal principle
E)Veil of ignorance

Question 50

The ethical decision-making framework includes the concepts of ethical issue intensity,individual factors,organizational factors,and opportunity.Discuss how these concepts influence the ethical decision-making process.

Question 51

The ethical decision-making model will be able to tell you whether a decision is ethical or unethical.?

Question 52

Discuss,with examples,at least three ways that opportunity can affect the decision making process.

Question 53

The terms moral intensity and ethical issue intensity can be used interchangeably.?

Question 54

Familiarizing employees with company values and training them to recognize common ethical scenarios helps them generate

A)ethical awareness
B)moral intensity
C)ethical issue intensity
D)individual values
E)principles

Question 55

A study has found that those with an external locus of control ?were positively correlated with ethical decision making,whereas those with an internal locus of control were negatively correlated.

Question 56

A firm's core values ?provide a blueprint into the firm's purpose as well as how it views ethical decision making and prioritizes stakeholders.

Question 57

Discuss how the three categories of institutions (political,economic,and social)are important in establishing a foundation for normative values.