Deck 5: Interorganizational Relationships

Question 1

Organizations with a wide niche or domain,that is,those that offer a broad range of products and services or that serve a broad market are:

A)specialists.
B)generalists.
C)mutualists.
D)pacifists.

Answer 1

B
Explanation:Organizations with a wide niche or domain,that is,those that offer a broad range of products and services or that serve a broad market are generalists.

Question 2

_____ is defined as the general perspective that an organization's actions are desirable,proper,and appropriate within the environment's system of norms,values,and belief.

A)Variation
B)Legitimacy
C)Niche
D)Retention

Answer 2

B
Explanation:Legitimacy is defined as the general perspective that an organization's actions are desirable,proper,and appropriate within the environment's system of norms,values,and belief.

Question 3

In the _____,companies join together to become more competitive and to share scarce resources.

A)institutional perspective
B)resource-dependence perspective
C)population-ecology perspective
D)collaborative-network perspective

Answer 3

D
Explanation:The collaborative-network perspective is an emerging alternative to resource-dependence theory in which companies join together to become more competitive and to share scarce resources.

Question 4

Organizations operating under the resource-dependence philosophy will:

A)withdraw control over external resources, thereby maximizing dependence.
B)succeed by emphasizing interdependence with other companies, thereby establishing lasting relationships.
C)do whatever is needed to avoid dependence on the environment, thereby reducing uncertainty.
D)set up dependencies when they become more self-reliant, thereby maximizing autonomy.

Question 5

Which of the following is a characteristic of the new orientation to interorganizational relationships?

A)Equity and fair dealing
B)Contract limiting the relationship
C)Minimal up-front investment
D)Legal resolution of conflict

Question 6

A system formed by the interaction of a community of organizations and their environment is referred to as a(n):

A)organizational ecosystem.
B)interorganizational network.
C)collaboration network.
D)institutional environment.

Question 7

Getwel Corp.and Sebastian Inc.are two computer manufacturers that share with each other the details of commonly occurring issues and customer complaints.This enables them to work together and provide better service to their customers and also saves the time required to diagnose the issues.Which of the following does this scenario illustrate?

A)A Collaborative network
B)Resource dependence
C)Normative forces
D)A Trade association

Question 8

In the context of the population-ecology perspective,which of the following is a difference between specialists and generalists?

A)Specialists offer a broader range of products or services than generalists.
B)Specialists move slower than generalists and are less flexible.
C)Specialists are generally more competitive than generalists.
D)Specialists are generally larger than generalists.

Question 9

Which of the following stages of the population ecology model of organizations refers to the preservation and institutionalization of selected organizational forms?

A)Retention
B)Variation
C)Exertion
D)Selection

Question 10

Which of the following is true of collaborative roles played by managers?

A)They have direct control over people and resources.
B)They are accountable for specific business results.
C)They are rigid and passive.
D)They have direct authority over horizontal colleagues.

Question 11

In which of the following approaches do businesses,governments,and nonprofit organizations join together across sectors and industries to tackle huge,compelling problems of mutual interest?

A)The Behavioral approach
B)The Internal process approach
C)The Megacommunity approach
D)The Open innovation approach

Question 12

Relatively enduring resource transactions,flows,and linkages that occur among two or more organizations are called:

A)intraorganizational networks.
B)interorganizational relationships.
C)internal processes.
D)regulation processes.

Question 13

Which of the following is an assumption of the population-ecology perspective?

A)Management competence is the biggest factor in the survival of organizations.
B)Individual organizations find it difficult to adapt to environmental changes.
C)Principles of evolution are not applicable to organizations because the fittest do not survive.
D)A community of organizations is a closed system.

Question 14

All of the following except _____ are the stages of the population ecology model of organizations.

A)retention
B)variation
C)exertion
D)selection

Question 15

Arkal Corp.manufactures wooden chairs and Borston Corp.manufactures plastic chairs.Arkal Corp.wants to enter into a resource-dependence relationship with Borston Corp.Which of the following types of resource-dependence relationships is most likely to result in Arkal Corp.gaining full control over the joint outcome?

A)Acquisition
B)Joint Venture
C)Strategic Alliance
D)Interlock

Question 16

In the population-ecology model of organizations,_____ means the appearance of new,diverse forms in a population of organizations.

A)retention
B)selection
C)variation
D)legitimacy

Question 17

Which of the following theories argues that organizations try to minimize their reliance on other organizations for the supply of important resources and try to influence the environment to make resources available?

A)The Resource-retention theory
B)The Environmental resource theory
C)The Resource-dependence theory
D)The Economic supply theory

Question 18

In the context of the population-ecology perspective,which of the following best illustrates a generalist strategy?

A)Maffles Inc.sells books, electronic equipment, furniture, and fashion accessories.
B)Harpors Inc.sells fiction novels in Canada.
C)Tradcom Corp.sells music DVDs over the Internet.
D)Togyon Corp.sells toys manufactured from recycled plastic and discarded toys.

Question 19

_____ is the process that causes one unit in a population to resemble other units that face the same set of environmental conditions.

A)Allomorphism
B)Chromaticism
C)Isomorphism
D)Isochronism

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true about the population-ecology perspective?

A)It focuses on organizational diversity and adaptation within organizations.
B)It focuses on the alliance of companies to share scarce resources.
C)It focuses on minimizing the dependence of an organization on other organizations.
D)It focuses on the congruence between an organization and the expectations from its environment.

Question 21

_____ are the external pressures exerted on an organization to adopt structures,techniques,or behaviors similar to other organizations.

A)Mimetic forces
B)Coercive forces
C)Normative forces
D)Generic forces

Question 22

A strategic alliance is more formal and binding than a joint venture.

Question 23

Acquisition offers the greatest amount of control over joint outcomes.

Question 24

_____ are pressures to achieve standards of professionalism and to adopt techniques that are considered by the professional community to be up to date and effective.

A)Mimetic forces
B)Coercive forces
C)Normative forces
D)Generic forces

Question 25

The goal of supply sourcing is to reduce risk and overdependence on one company in the supply chain.

Question 26

According to the resource-dependence perspective,when threatened by greater dependence,organizations will assert control over external resources to minimize that dependence.

Question 27

A company may use any or all of the mechanisms of mimetic,coercive,or normative forces to change itself for greater _____ in the institutional environment.

A)profit
B)market share
C)resource dependency
D)legitimacy

Question 28

In resource-dependence relationships,large independent companies have power over smaller suppliers or partners.

Question 29

Garin Corp.,an automobile manufacturing company,tried to increase its sales by releasing car models with new colors.In the light of its huge success,other automobile manufacturers began doing the same.Which of the following mechanisms for institutional adaptation is best illustrated in this scenario?

A)Mimetic forces
B)Coercive forces
C)Normative forces
D)Generic forces

Question 30

_____ means identifying who is best at something in an industry and then duplicating the technique for creating excellence,perhaps even improving it in the process.

A)Retention
B)Benchmarking
C)Ballooning
D)Variation

Question 31

Which of the following is a reason for a mimetic process to occur in an organization?

A)Managers face high risks by supporting innovation.
B)Managers are old-fashioned and stick to their original approach.
C)Managers are unaware of the innovations occurring in the environment.
D)Managers face high uncertainty.

Question 32

Companies accept normative pressures to become like one another due to _____.

A)dependence
B)obligation
C)uncertainty
D)independence

Question 33

One of the main reasons for interorganizational collaboration is sharing risks when entering new markets.

Question 34

Organizational changes that result from coercive forces occur due to _____.

A)dependence
B)obligation
C)uncertainty
D)professionalism

Question 35

Interorganizational linkages encourage risk taking.

Question 36

In the context of mechanisms for institutional adaptation,benchmarking is a:

A)mimetic process.
B)coercive process.
C)normative process.
D)generic process.

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true about mimetic forces?

A)Organizations are forced to behave similarly in order to maintain productive relationships.
B)Political and governmental processes force organizations to become similar.
C)In the face of uncertainty, organizations copy or model each other.
D)Diversity is maintained in order for organizations to find and maintain a marketing niche.

Question 38

Managers in collaborative roles have direct authority over horizontal colleagues or partners.

Question 39

In the changing role of management,managers think about vertical processes rather than horizontal structures.

Question 40

The term frenemies refers to the trend toward companies being both collaborators and competitors.

Question 41

Companies accept normative pressures to become like one another through a sense of obligation or duty to high standards of performance.

Question 42

What is an organizational ecosystem? How does this concept impact the changing role of management?

Question 43

In the partnership-orientation view,dependence on another company is seen to increase rather than reduce risks.

Question 44

Organizational changes that result from coercive forces occur when an organization is completely independent of another.

Question 45

The social basis for the mimetic process is that the innovations are culturally supported.

Question 46

Explain how collaborative-network perspective is an emerging alternative to resource-dependence theory.

Question 47

Given their flexibility,specialists are able to reallocate resources internally to adapt to a changing environment,whereas generalists are not.

Question 48

The struggle for existence is most intense among old organizations.

Question 49

Selection is the preservation and institutionalization of selected organizational forms.

Question 50

Describe the power implications of resource-dependence relationships.

Question 51

When excessive resources are available to an organization,that organization will be "selected out."

Question 52

Specialists are generally more competitive than generalists in the narrow area in which their domains overlap.

Question 53

When rapid change occurs,old organizations are likely to thrive.

Question 54

Explain in brief the different types of resource-dependence relationships.

Question 55

The niche is usually large in the early stages of an organization and reduces in size over time.

Question 56

Summarize the perspectives for understanding interorganizational relationships.

Question 57

The traditional adversarial orientation is characterized by loose performance measures,equity,and fair dealing.

Question 58

According to the population-ecology view,when looking at an organizational population as a whole,the changing environment determines which organizations survive or fail.

Question 59

Coercive forces stem from responses to uncertainty.

Question 60

The institutional dimension in an organization is governed by expectations from people and organizations in the external environment.

Question 61

Compare and contrast the traditional adversarial orientation with the new partnership orientation of interorganizational relationships.

Question 62

In the context of the population-ecology perspective,compare and contrast specialists and generalists.

Question 63

What is the impact of rapid environmental changes on organizations?

Question 64

Describe the essential dimensions of organizations according to the institutional view.

Question 65

Explain how finding an appropriate niche is important for the survival of an organization.