Deck 31: Nuclear Energy; Effects and Uses of Radiation

Question 1

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
In the nuclear reaction ${ } _ { 1 } ^ { 3 } \mathrm { H } + { } _ { 1 } ^ { 3 } \mathrm { H } \rightarrow \mathrm { X } + { } _ { 2 } ^ { 4 } \mathrm { He }$ , what is $\mathrm { X }$ ?

A) 2 protons
B) $2 \mathrm { H }$
C) 2 neutrons
D) alpha particle
E) $3 \mathrm { H }$

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
A proton strikes an oxygen-18 nucleus, producing fluorine-18 and another particle X. What is the other particle X?

A) gamma ray
B) alpha particle
C) electron
D) positron
E) neutron

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
The energy radiated by a star, such as the sun, results chiefly from

A) fission reactions.
B) alpha decay.
C) fusion reactions.
D) beta decay.
E) radioactivity.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
What is the meaning of the term "critical mass" in regard to nuclear fission?

A) This is the minimum amount of fissionable material required to sustain a chain reaction.
B) This is the amount of material that is just on the verge of becoming radioactive.
C) This is the amount of mass needed to make a power reactor economically feasible.
D) This is the mass of the "critical" elements in a reactor, i.e., the uranium or plutonium.

Question 5

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
The chief hazard of radiation damage to living cells is

A) due to the creation of chemical impurities.
B) due to ionization.
C) the creation of new isotopes within the body.
D) the creation of radioactive material within the body.
E) due to heating.

Question 6

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
In the nuclear reaction ${ } _ { 19 } ^ { 38 } \mathrm {~K} + { } _ { 1 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { H } \rightarrow \mathrm { X } + { } _ { 20 } ^ { 38 } \mathrm { Ca }$ , what is $\mathrm { X }$ ?

A) alpha particle
B) $2 \mathrm { H }$
C) proton
D) neutron
E) $3 \mathrm { H }$

Question 7

Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Determine the missing product $X$ in the following nuclear reaction: ${ } _ { 8 } ^ { 16 } \mathrm { O } +$ neutron $\rightarrow \mathrm { X } +$ alpha particle

Question 8

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
The equation shows a fission reaction:
$${ } _ { 92 } ^ { 235 } \mathrm { U } + { } _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { n } \rightarrow { } _ { 41 } ^ { 99 } \mathrm { Nb } + \mathrm { X } + 4 { } _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { n }$$
What is the missing term $X$ in the equation?

A) ${ } _ { 51 } ^ { 136 } \mathrm { Sb }$
B) ${ } _ { 47 } ^ { 133 } \mathrm { Ag }$
C) ${ } _ { 51 } ^ { 139 } \mathrm { Sb }$
D) ${ } _ { 51 } ^ { 133 } \mathrm { Sb }$
E) ${ } _ { 47 } ^ { 136 } \mathrm { Ag }$

Question 9

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
In the nuclear reaction ${ } _ { 8 } ^ { 16 } \mathrm { O } + { } _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { n } \rightarrow \mathrm { X } + { } _ { 2 } ^ { 4 } \mathrm { He }$ , what is $\mathrm { X }$ ?

A) ${ } ^ { 12 } \mathrm { C }$
B) $15 \mathrm { C }$
C) $13 \mathrm { C }$
D) $14 \mathrm { C }$
Е) $17 \mathrm { O }$

Question 10

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
The maximum permissible workday dose for occupational exposure to radiation is $18 \mathrm { mrem }$ . A 54-kg laboratory technician absorbs $2.6 \mathrm {~mJ}$ of $0.30 - \mathrm { MeV }$ gamma rays in a work day. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for gamma rays is $1.00$ . What is the ratio of the equivalent dosage received by the technician to the maximum permissible equivalent dosage?

A) $0.37$
B) $0.29$
C) $0.27$
D) $0.32$
Е) $0.35$

Question 11

Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Determine the missing product $X$ in the following nuclear reaction: ${ } _ { 92 } ^ { 235 } \mathrm { U } +$ neutron $\rightarrow { } _ { 56 } ^ { 141 } \mathrm { Ba } + \mathrm { X } + 3$ neutrons

Question 12

Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Determine the missing product X in the nuclear reaction ${ } _ { 92 } ^ { 238 } U + { } _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } n \rightarrow X + 2 \beta ^ { - }$

Question 13

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
A $70 - \mathrm { kg }$ researcher absorbs $4.5 \times 10 ^ { 8 }$ neutrons in a work day, each of energy $1.2 \mathrm { MeV }$ . The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for these neutrons is 10. What is the equivalent dosage of the radiation exposure for this researcher, in millirem?

A) $3.7 \mathrm { mrem }$
B) $1.2 \mathrm { mrem }$
C) $0.77 \mathrm { mrem }$
D) $0.39 \mathrm { mrem }$
E) $12 \mathrm { mrem }$

Question 14

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
A person receives an absorbed dose of protons of 20 millirads. The RBE of protons is 5. What is this person's equivalent dose in rem?

A) 25 millirem
B) 15 millirem
C) 20 millirem
D) 100 millirem
E) 4 millirem

Question 15

Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Determine the missing product $X$ in the following nuclear reaction: ${ } _ { 5 } ^ { 10 } \mathrm {~B} +$ neutron $\rightarrow \mathrm { X } +$ alpha particle

Question 16

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
The maximum permissible workday dose for occupational exposure to radiation is $11 \mathrm { mrem }$ . A 77-kg laboratory technician absorbs $2.3 \mathrm {~mJ}$ of $0.5 - \mathrm { MeV }$ gamma rays in a work day. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for gamma rays is $1.00$ . What is the number of gamma-ray photons absorbed by the technician in a workday?

A) $1 \times 10 ^ { 9 }$
B) $1 \times 10 ^ { 8 }$
C) $3 \times 10 ^ { 9 }$
D) $3 \times 10 ^ { 8 }$
E) $3 \times 10 ^ { 10 }$

Question 17

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
In the fission reaction $235 \mathrm { U } + { } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { n } \rightarrow { } ^ { 141 } \mathrm { Ba } + 92 \mathrm { Kr } + x ^ { 1 } \mathrm { n }$ , what is the number $x$ of neutrons produced?

A) 0
B) 2
C) 3
D) 1

Question 18

Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Determine the missing product $X$ in the following nuclear reaction: ${ } _ { 7 } ^ { 13 } \mathrm {~N} +$ neutron $\rightarrow \mathrm { X } +$ alpha particle

Question 19

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
In the nuclear reaction ${ } _ { 8 } ^ { 16 } \mathrm { O } + { } _ { 2 } ^ { 4 } \mathrm { He } \rightarrow \mathrm { X } + { } _ { 10 } ^ { 19 } \mathrm { Ne }$ , what is $\mathrm { X }$ ?

A) alpha particle
B) $3 \mathrm { H }$
C) neutron
D) $2 \mathrm { H }$
E) proton

Question 20

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
The main fuel for producing energy in the center of the sun is

A) uranium.
B) oxygen.
C) hydrogen.
D) any radioactive material.
E) helium.

Question 21

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Consider the nuclear reaction ${ } _ { 7 } ^ { 14 } \mathrm {~N} + { } _ { 2 } ^ { 4 } \mathrm { He } \rightarrow { } _ { 8 } ^ { 17 } \mathrm { O } + { } _ { 1 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { H }$ . The known atomic masses are ${ } _ { 7 } ^ { 14 } \mathrm {~N} : \quad 14.003074 \mathrm { u }$
${ } _ { 2 } ^ { 4 } \mathrm { He } : \quad 4.002603 \mathrm { u }$
${ } _ { 1 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { H } : \quad 1.007825 \mathrm { u }$
${ } _ { 8 } ^ { 17 } \mathrm { O } : \quad 16.999131 \mathrm { u }$
What is the Q-value (or reaction energy) of this reaction? $\left( 1 \mathrm { u } = 931.5 \mathrm { MeV } / c ^ { 2 } \right)$

A) $- 6.725 \mathrm { MeV }$
B) $- 2.020 \mathrm { MeV }$
C) $- 9.055 \mathrm { MeV }$
D) $- 1.191 \mathrm { MeV }$

Question 22

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
When 235U undergoes fission, the average energy per fission event is $200 \mathrm { MeV }$ . How much energy is released in the total fission of $2.0 \mathrm {~g}$ of $235 \mathrm { U }$ ? $\left( 1 \mathrm { eV } = 1.60 \times 10 ^ { - 19 } \mathrm {~J} , m _ { \text {neutron } } \approx m _ { \text {proton } } = 1.67 \times \right.$ 10-27 kg)

A) $3.9 \times 10 ^ { 10 } \mathrm {~J}$
B) $1.6 \times 10 ^ { 11 } \mathrm {~J}$
C) $1.6 \times 10 ^ { 5 } \mathrm {~J}$
D) $3.9 \times 10 ^ { 13 } \mathrm {~J}$

Question 23

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
If a 2.0-MeV neutron released in a fission reaction loses half its kinetic energy in each moderator collision, how many collisions are needed to reduce its kinetic energy to $1 / 25 \mathrm { eV }$ ?

A) 30
B) 4
C) 26
D) 18
E) 6

Question 24

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Consider the nuclear reaction ${ } _ { 7 } ^ { 14 } \mathrm {~N} + { } _ { 2 } ^ { 4 } \mathrm { He } \rightarrow { } _ { 8 } ^ { 17 } \mathrm { O } + { } _ { 1 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { H }$ . The known atomic masses are ${ } _ { 7 } ^ { 14 } \mathrm {~N} : \quad 14.003074 \mathrm { u }$
${ } _ { 2 } ^ { 4 } \mathrm { He } : \quad 4.002603 \mathrm { u }$
${ } _ { 1 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { H } : \quad 1.007825 \mathrm { u }$
${ } _ { 8 } ^ { 17 } \mathrm { O } : \quad 16.999131 \mathrm { u }$
What is the $Q$ -value (or reaction energy) of this reaction? $\left( 1 \mathrm { u } = 931.5 \mathrm { MeV } / \mathrm { c } ^ { 2 } \right)$

A) $1.191 \mathrm { MeV }$
B) $- 1.279 \times 10 ^ { - 3 } \mathrm { MeV }$
C) $1.279 \times 10 ^ { - 3 } \mathrm { MeV }$
D) $- 1.191 \mathrm { MeV }$

Question 25

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Question 26

Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Consider the fusion reaction:
$${ } _ { 1 } ^ { 2 } \mathrm { H } + { } _ { 1 } ^ { 2 } \mathrm { H } + { } _ { 1 } ^ { 2 } \mathrm { H } \rightarrow { } _ { 2 } ^ { 4 } \mathrm { He } + { } _ { 1 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { H } + { } _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { n }$$
The know atomic masses are
$${ } _ { 1 } ^ { 2 } \mathrm { H } : \quad 2.01410 \mathrm { u }$$
${ } _ { 2 } ^ { 4 } \mathrm { He } : \quad 4.00260 \mathrm { u }$
${ } _ { 1 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { H } : \quad 1.00783 \mathrm { u }$
${ } _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { n } : \quad 1.008665 \mathrm { u }$
where $1 \mathrm { u } = 1.6605 \times 10 ^{- 27} \mathrm {~kg}$ . What mass of deuterium fuel, ${ } _ { 1 } ^ { 2 } \mathrm { H }$ , is used up in producing $5.6 \times 10^{15} \mathrm {~J}$ of energy by this reaction?

Question 27

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Two deuterium nuclei, ${ } _ { 1 } ^ { 2 } \mathrm { H }$ , fuse to produce a tritium nucleus, ${ } _ { 1 } ^ { 3 } \mathrm { H }$ , plus an ordinary hydrogen nucleus, ${ } _ { 1 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { H }$ . A neutral deuterium atom has a mass of $2.014102 \mathrm { u }$ ; a neutral tritium atom has a mass of $3.016050 \mathrm { u }$ ; a neutral hydrogen atom has a mass of $1.007825 \mathrm { u }$ ; a neutron has a mass of $1.008665 \mathrm { u }$ ; and a proton has a mass of $1.007277 \mathrm { u }$ . How much energy is released in this fusion process? (1 u = 931.5 MeV/ $/ c ^ { 2 }$ )

A) $6.58 \mathrm { MeV }$
B) $3.53 \mathrm { MeV }$
C) $3.03 \mathrm { MeV }$
D) $4.53 \mathrm { MeV }$
E) $4.03 \mathrm { MeV }$

Question 28

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
An excited ${ } _ { 92 } ^ { 236 } \mathrm { U } ^ { * }$ nucleus undergoes fission into two fragments as follows:
$${ } _ { 92 } ^ { 236 } \mathrm { U } * \rightarrow { } _ { 56 } ^ { 144 } \mathrm { Ba } + { } _ { 36 } ^ { 92 } \mathrm { Kr }$$
The following atomic masses are known:
${ } _ { 36 } ^ { 92 } \mathrm { Kr } : \quad 91.926270 \mathrm { u }$
${ } _ { 56 } ^ { 144 } \mathrm { Ba } : \quad 143.922845 \mathrm { u }$
${ } _ { 92 } ^ { 236 } \mathrm { U } ^ { * } : \quad 236.045563 \mathrm { u }$
What is the reaction energy released during this fission reaction? $\left( 1 \mathrm { u } = 931.5 \mathrm { MeV } / \mathrm { c } ^ { 2 } \right)$

A) $190 \mathrm { MeV }$
B) $150 \mathrm { MeV }$
C) $170 \mathrm { MeV }$
D) $160 \mathrm { MeV }$
E) $180 \mathrm { MeV }$

Question 29

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
An electron and a positron, both essentially at rest, annihilate each other, emitting two identical photons in the process. What is the wavelength of these photons? The mass of an electron or positron is $9.11 \times 10 ^ { - 31 } \mathrm {~kg}$ . $\left( h = 6.626 \times 10 ^ { - 34 } \mathrm {~J} \cdot \mathrm { s } , c = 3.00 \times 10 ^ { 8 } \mathrm {~m} / \mathrm { s } \right)$

A) $3.46 \mathrm { pm }$
B) $1.21 \times 10 ^ { - 12 } \mathrm { pm }$
C) $3.07 \mathrm { pm }$
D) $2.42 \mathrm { pm }$
E) $1.73 \mathrm { pm }$

Question 30

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Consider the nuclear reaction: $7 \mathrm { Li } + 1 \mathrm { p } \rightarrow 4 \mathrm { He } + 4 \mathrm { He }$ . The known atomic masses are 7 Li: $\quad 7.016005 \mathrm { u }$
${ } _ { 2 } ^ { 4 } \mathrm { He } : \quad 4.002603 \mathrm { u }$
1p: $\quad 1.007825 \mathrm { u }$
What is the $Q$ -value (or reaction energy) of this reaction? $\left( 1 \mathrm { u } = 931.5 \mathrm { MeV } / \mathrm { c } ^ { 2 } \right)$

A) $13.57 \mathrm { MeV }$
B) $17.53 \mathrm { MeV }$
C) $15.37 \mathrm { MeV }$
D) $17.35 \mathrm { MeV }$

Question 31

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Consider the nuclear reaction ${ } _ { 1 } ^ { 3 } \mathrm { H } + { } _ { 1 } ^ { 3 } \mathrm { H } \rightarrow { } _ { 2 } ^ { 4 } \mathrm { He } + 2 { } _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { n }$ . The known atomic masses are
${ } _ { 2 } ^ { 4 } \mathrm { He } : \quad 4.002603 \mathrm { u }$
${ } _ { 1 } ^ { 3 } \mathrm { H } : \quad 3.016049 \mathrm { u }$
${ } _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { n } : \quad 1.008665 \mathrm { u }$
What is the energy released (positive) or absorbed (negative) in this nuclear reaction? $( 1 \mathrm { u } = 931.5$ $\mathrm { MeV } / \mathrm { c } ^ { 2 }$ )

A) $- 0.0122 \mathrm { MeV }$
B) $11.3 \mathrm { MeV }$
C) $- 11.3 \mathrm { MeV }$
D) $0.0122 \mathrm { MeV }$

Question 32

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
When a neutron collides with a uranium-235 nucleus it can induce a variety of fission reactions.
One such reaction is
$${ } _ { 92 } ^ { 235 } \mathrm { U } + { } _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { n } \rightarrow { } _ { 54 } ^ { 140 } \mathrm { Xe } + { } _ { 38 } ^ { 94 } \mathrm { Sr } + 2 { } _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { n }$$
The following mass values are known:
$$\begin{array} { l l } { } _ { 54 } ^ { 140 } \text { Xe: } & 139.921620 \mathrm { u } \\{ } _ { 38 } ^ { 94 } \mathrm { Sr } : & 93.915367 \mathrm { u } \\{ } _ { 92 } ^ { 235 } \mathrm { U } : & 235.043924 \mathrm { u } \\{ } _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { n } : & 1.008665 \mathrm { u }\end{array}$$
What mass of uranium is needed to produce a 10-kiloton yield? $\left( 1 \mathrm { u } = 931.5 \mathrm { MeV } / c ^ { 2 } = 1.66054 \times \right.$ $10 ^ { - 27 } \mathrm {~kg}$ , 1-kiloton yield $= 5.0 \times 10 ^ { 12 } \mathrm {~J}$ )

A) $1.10 \mathrm {~kg}$
B) $0.66 \mathrm {~kg}$
C) $3.85 \mathrm {~kg}$
D) $6.58 \mathrm {~kg}$
E) $0.57 \mathrm {~kg}$

Question 33

Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
A hypothetical particle has a mass of $510 \mathrm { MeV } / \mathrm { c } ^ { 2 }$ . If such a particle at rest decays into two gamma-ray photons, what is the wavelength of each photon? $\left( 1 \mathrm { eV } = 1.60 \times 10 ^ { - 19 } \mathrm {~J} , c = \right.$ $\left. 3.00 \times 10 ^ { 8 } \mathrm {~m} / \mathrm { s } , h = 6.626 \times 10 ^ { - 34 } \mathrm {~J} \cdot \mathrm { s } \right)$

Question 34

Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
If a $\Sigma ^ { - }$ particle at rest decays into a neutron and a $\pi ^ { - }$ , what is the total kinetic energy of the decay products? The masses of $\Sigma ^ { - }$ , neutron, and $\pi ^ { - }$ are $1197 \mathrm { MeV } / c ^ { 2 } , 940 \mathrm { MeV } / c ^ { 2 }$ , and $140 \mathrm { MeV } / c ^ { 2 }$ , respectively.

Question 35

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
A nuclear explosion results in a mass decrease of $2.10 \mathrm {~g}$ . How much energy is released during this explosion? $\left( c = 3.00 \times 10 ^ { 8 } \mathrm {~m} / \mathrm { s } \right)$

A) $1.89 \times 10 ^ { 13 } \mathrm {~J}$
B) $2.25 \times 10 ^ { 12 } \mathrm {~J}$
C) $6.30 \times 10 ^ { 5 } \mathrm {~J}$
D) $1.89 \times 10 ^ { 14 } \mathrm {~J}$

Question 36

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
When a neutron collides with a uranium-235 nucleus it can induce a variety of fission reactions.
One such reaction is
$${ } _ { 92 } ^ { 235 } U + { } _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } n \rightarrow { } _ { 54 } ^ { 140 } \mathrm { Xe } + { } _ { 38 } ^ { 94 } \mathrm { Sr } + 2 { } _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { n }$$
The following mass values are known:
${ } _ { 54 } ^ { 140 }$ Xe: $\quad 139.921620 \mathrm { u }$
${ } _ { 38 } ^ { 94 } \mathrm { Sr } : \quad 93.915367 \mathrm { u }$
${ } _ { 92 } ^ { 235 } \mathrm { U } : \quad 235.043924 \mathrm { u }$
${ } _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { n } : \quad 1.008665 \mathrm { u }$
How much energy is released in this reaction? $\left( 1 \mathrm { u } = 931.5 \mathrm { MeV } / \mathrm { c } ^ { 2 } \right)$

A) $98.6 \mathrm { MeV }$
B) $202 \mathrm { MeV }$
C) $65.7 \mathrm { MeV }$
D) $185 \mathrm { MeV }$
E) $32.6 \mathrm { MeV }$