Deck 3: Contingency Approaches to Leadership

Question 1

Directive leadership behavior, as described in the path-goal theory, is similar to the coaching or supporting style of leadership in the Hersey and Blanchard model.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The Vroom-Jago contingency model ofleadership starts with the idea that a leader faces a problem that requires a solution.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

According to the situational theory ofleadership, the directing style reflects a low concern for both tasks and relationships.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

In the context of the Vroom-Jago contingency model of leadership, the time-based model is to be used if time and efficiency are less important criteria than the opportunity to develop the thinking and decision-making skills of followers.

Question 5

According to the situational model ofleadership, a coaching leadership style works well when followers lack confidence, ability, and willingness to learn but possess the skills or experience for the job.

Question 6

The contingencies most important to leadership are the situation and followers.

Question 7

According to the path-goal theory ofleadership, path clarification means that the leader works with subordinates to help them identify and learn the behaviors that will lead to successful task accomplishment and organizational rewards.

Question 8

The use of substitutes to fill leadership "gaps" is often disadvantageous to organizations.

Question 9

In the context of using substitutes for leadership, physical separation of leader and subordinate neutralizes both people-oriented and task-oriented leadership styles.

Question 10

In the context of Fiedler's contingency model of leadership, if a leader describes the least preferred coworker using positive concepts, he or she is considered relationship-oriented.

Question 11

According to the path-goal theory ofleadership, when an incorrect reward is given to a subordinate, directive leadership behavior is used to change this.

Question 12

According to the situational theory ofleadership, a leader with a(n) provides both task instruction and personal support, explains decisions, and gives followers a chance to ask questions and gain clarity about work tasks.

A)supporting leadership style
B)directing leadership style
C)entrusting leadership style
D)coaching leadership style

Question 13

According to Fiedler's contingency model of leadership, a task-oriented leader performs better in situations of intermediate favorability because human relations skills are important for high group performance.

Question 14

The contingency approaches explain the relationship between leadership styles and effectiveness in specific situations.

Question 15

The situational theory ofleadership focuses on the characteristics ofleaders as the most important element of the situation.

Question 16

Which of the following is stated by the contingency approach to leadership?

A)A leadership style that works in one situation might not work in another situation.
B)The contingencies seek to investigate traits that can improve performance in all situations.
C)The contingencies most important to leadership are the leaders.
D)There is only one best way ofleadership.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true of the contingency approach to leadership?

A)A leadership style that works in one situation will work in all situations.
B)These approaches seek to investigate traits that can improve performance in all situations.
C)The needs, maturity, and cohesiveness of followers have been identified as a key contingency.
D)These approaches hold that behavior that is effective in some circumstances is effective under all conditions.

Question 18

In the context of Fiedler's contingency model ofleadership, creative, ill-defined tasks, such as research and development or strategic planning, have a low degree of task structure.

Question 19

According to the situational theory of leadership, a(n) can be effective when followers have the necessary education, skills, and experience but might be insecure in their abilities and need some encouragement from the leader.

A)directing leadership style
B)coaching leadership style
C)supporting leadership style
D)entmsting leadership style

Question 20

According to the situational theory of leadership, a leader with a(n) provides little direction or support because complete responsibility for decisions and their implementation is turned over to followers.

A)entmsting leadership style
B)coaching leadership style
C)directing leadership style
D)engaging leadership style

Question 21

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, when a subordinate is unchallenged by a task, a(n) is used to set higher goals.

A)supportive leadership behavior
B)empowering leadership behavior
C)directive leadership behavior
D)achievement-oriented leadership behavior

Question 22

According to Fiedler's contingency model ofleadership, position power is low when the leader has:

A)the power to plan and direct the work of subordinates.
B)the power to reward or punish the work of subordinates.
C)little authority to create ill-defmed tasks.
D)little authority over subordinates and cannot evaluate their work.

Question 23

According to Fiedler's contingency model ofleadership, which of the following indicates a high degree of task structure?

A)Ill-defmed tasks
B)Routine tasks
C)Creative tasks
D)Research tasks

Question 24

According to the situational theory ofleadership, a leader with a(n) instructions about how tasks should be accomplished.

A)supporting style
B)coaching style
C)directing style
D)entrusting style provides detailed objectives and explicit

Question 25

According to the path-goal theory ofleadership, which of the following leadership styles stresses high-quality performance and improvement over current performance?

A)Participative leadership
B)Directive leadership
C)Achievement-oriented leadership
D)Supportive leadership

Question 26

According to Fiedler's contingency theory ofleadership, in situations of intermediate favorability, a relationship­ oriented leader:

A)supervises jobs that are clearly defined.
B)defmes task structure and establishes authority over subordinates.
C)may be moderately well liked and have some power.
D)may maintain poor leader-member relations.

Question 27

According to the least preferred coworker (LPC) scale of Fiedler's model of leadership styles, if the leader describes the least preferred coworker using positive concepts,the leader:

A)is relationship-oriented.
B)is task-oriented
C)places greater value on tasks.
D)is an extrovert.

Question 28

Which of the following statements is true of Fiedler's contingency theory ofleadership?

A)Task-oriented leaders do not excel in a favorable situation because a great deal of structure and task direction is needed.
B)Task structure needs to be defmed if a situation is highly favorable to a leader.
C)Relationship-oriented leaders are more effective in situations of moderate favorability.
D)Relationship-oriented leaders excel in unfavorable situations because everyone gets along and the tasks are clear.

Question 29

In the context of the path-goal theory ofleadership, which of the following statements is true of supportive leadership?

A)It involves setting clear and challenging goals for subordinates.
B)It involves consulting with subordinates about decisions.
C)It involves telling subordinates exactly what they are supposed to do.
D)It involves showing concern for subordinates' wellbeing and personal needs.

Question 30

According to Fiedler's contingency theory ofleadership, which of the following statements is true of task-oriented leaders?

A)They are more effective in a situations where they have little authority over subordinates and cannot evaluate their work or reward them.
B)They are more effective in situations of moderate favorability.
C)They are more effective in favorable situations because the task is not clear to everybody.
D)They are more effective when a situation is highly unfavorable because a great deal of structure and task direction is needed.

Question 31

According to Fiedler's contingency model ofleadership, if a leader uses negative concepts to describe the least preferred coworker, he or she is considered a .

A)task-oriented leader
B)''high-high" leader
C)people-oriented leader
D)democratic leader

Question 32

Which of the following statements is a criticism of Fiedler's contingency theory?

A)The use of the least preferred coworker score as a measure of relationship- or task-oriented behavior is complicated.
B)The empirical support for the model is weak because it is based on correlationalresults that fail to achieve statistical significance in the majority of cases.
C)It does not go beyond the notion ofleadership styles to try to show how styles fit a situation.
D)It fails to consider high least preferred coworker score leaders, who some studies indicate are more effective than medium least preferred coworker score leaders in all situations.

Question 33

According to the path-goal theory ofleadership, which of the following leadership styles involves consulting with subordinates about decisions?

A)Directive leadership
B)Supportive leadership
C)Achievement-oriented leadership
D)Participative leadership

Question 34

An important contribution ofFiedlet's research on1he contingency model ofleadership is1hat it

A)uses weights which are determined in an arbitrary manner in order to determine situation favorability.
B)goes beyond the notion ofleadership styles to try to show how styles fit a situation.
C)recommends medium least preferred coworker leaders as they are more effective in many situations.
D)is clear about how the model will work over time.

Question 35

According to the path-goal theory ofleadership, the personal characteristics of followers, which is a situational contingency, includes factors such as .

A)the degree of task structure
B)the work group
C)motivation
D)formality

Question 36

According to the path-goal theory ofleadership, which of the following situational contingencies consists of the educational level of subordinates and the quality of relationships among them?

A)Human relations skills
B)Task structures
C)Formal authority systems
D)Work-group characteristics

Question 37

Which of the following things should leaders know in order to use Fiedler's contingency theory of leadership?

A)They should conclude that they are task-oriented leaders if they are moderately well liked, have some power, and supervise jobs that contain some ambiguity.
B)They should identify themselves as relationship-oriented leaders if they define the task structure and can establish authority over subordinates.
C)They should assume that they are more effective as task-oriented leaders if they perform better in situations of intermediate favorability.
D)They should diagnose the situation and determine whether leader-member relations, task structure, and position power are favorable or unfavorable.

Question 38

Which of the following is a difference between Fiedler's contingency theory ofleadership and the path-goal theory ofleadership?

A)The Fiedler theory discusses leader style, followers and situation, and the rewards to meet followers' needs, whereas the path-goal theory discusses leadership style and group task performance.
B)The Fiedler theory made the assumption that new leaders could take over as situations change, whereas in the path-goal theory, leaders change their behaviors to match the situation.
C)The Fiedler theory enables leaders to diagnose both leadership style and organizational situation, whereas the path-goal theory focuses on the characteristics of followers as the most important element of the situation.
D)The Fiedler theory states that a leader can adopt the four leader styles of directing, coaching, supporting, and entrusting, whereas the path-goal theory measures leadership style with the least preferred coworker scale.

Question 39

In the context ofFiedler's contingency model ofleadership, which of the following does leader-member relations refer to?

A)It refers to the extent to which tasks given by the leaders are defmed and involve specific procedures.
B)Itrefers to1he group a1rnosphereandmembers' attitudes towardandacceptanceof1heleader.
C)It refers to the extent to which the leader has formal authority over subordinates.
D)It refers to the ability to plan and direct the work of subordinates, evaluate it, and reward or punish them.

Question 40

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, involves planning, making schedules, setting performance goals and behavior standards, and stressing adherence to rules and regulations.

A)achievement-oriented leadership
B)participative leadership
C)directive leadership
D)supportive leadership

Question 41

A(n) for leadership, which is a situational variable, makes the leadership style unnecessary or redundant.

Question 42

According to Fiedler's contingency model of leadership, is the extent to which the leader has formal authority over subordinates.

Question 43

The Vroom-Jago model of leadership focuses specifically on varying degrees of leadership.

Question 44

According to the situational theory of leadership, a leader following the encourages participation, consults with followers, and facilitates decision making.

Question 45

According to the Vroorn-Jago contingency model ofleadership, which of the following activities refers to delegation in decision making?

A)A leader permits the group to make a decision within prescribed limits.
B)A leader presents a problem to the group in a meeting.
C)A leader makes a decision alone and announces it to the group.
D)A leader presents a problem to the group members, gets their suggestions, and then makes the decision.

Question 46

refers to a theory meaning one thing depends on other things.

Question 47

was designed to enable leaders to diagnose both leadership style and organizational situation.

Question 48

Explain the aspect of substitutes and neutralizers for leadership.

Question 49

In the context of using substitutes for leadership, which of the following factors tends to substitute for leader task orientation?

A)Love-based motivation
B)Socialization
C)Forrnalized mles
D)Creative and ill-defmed tasks

Question 50

Explain the four leadership styles based on the situational theory of leadership developed by Hersey and Blanchard.

Question 51

Describe the Vroom-Jago contingency model of leadership.

Question 52

The point of Hersey and Blanchard's situational theory ofleadership is that subordinates vary in .

Question 53

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, how does a leader tailor rewards to a situation?

Question 54

The fundamental assumption of substitutes- for- leadership researchers is that:

A)when a task is highly satisfying and enjoyable, the leader should show acceptance and compassion as it is not provided by the task.
B)effective leadership is the ability to recognize and provide the support not already provided by task, group, and organization.
C)substitutes for leadership cannot be designed into organizations in ways to complement existing leadership.
D)when a task is highly structured and routine, the leader should provide clarification of task objectives and responsibilities as it is not provided by the task.

Question 55

A(n) ,which is a situational characteristic, counteracts the leadership style and prevents the leader from displaying certain behaviors.

Question 56

Briefly describe Fiedler's contingency model ofleadership.

Question 57

The to leadership seek to delineate the characteristics of situations and followers and examine the leadership styles that can be used effectively.

Question 58

According to the Vroom-Jago contingency model ofleadership, if subordinates have a high level of expertise in relation to a problem, .

A)the leader should not allow the group to make the decision alone.
B)the leader has to be actively involved in decision making.
C)more responsibility for the decision can be delegated to them.
D)subordinates will have low commitment to the decision.

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true of the Vroorn-Jago contingency model ofleadership?

A)It made the assumption that new leaders could take over as situations change.
B)It states that the leader's responsibility is to increase subordinates' motivation to attain personal and organizational goals.
C)It discusses the extent to which the leader's style is relationship-oriented or task oriented.
D)It tells the leader precisely the correct amount of participation by subordinates to use in making a particular decision.

Question 60

According to the of leadership, the leader's responsibility is to increase subordinates' motivation to attain personal and organizational goals.