Deck 13: Choosing Statistical Procedures for Research Problems

Question 1

The chi-square test assesses whether the __________ observed in a cross-tabulation Diverge from those one would expect under the null hypothesis of no difference between Groups.

A)rows
B)columns
C)frequencies
D)none of the above

Answer 1

frequencies

Question 2

Correlation measures the degree to which 2 variables are related to __________.

A)one another
B)one
C)zero
D )the normal curve

Answer 2

one another

Question 3

Chapter 5 focused on the normal distribution, in which most cases fall near the _____ and a Few fall _____.

A)middle, in the tails
B)tails, in the middle
C)middle, in the top half
D )tails, in the bottom half

Answer 3

middle, in the tails

Question 4

Introduced in Chapter 10, Pearson's r measures the linear _______ between two ______ -Level variables.

A)correction, interval
B)correlation, nominal
C)correction, nominal
D)correlation, interval

Question 5

Compared with parametric tests, nonparametric techniques are __________ powerful,__________ able to reject the null hypothesis when it is false.

A)more, less
B)less, less
C)less, more
D )more, more

Question 6

Chapter 7 introduced the logic of __________ in the context of making comparisons Between two groups.

A)fact checking
B)chance taking
C)hypothesis building
D)hypothesis testing

Question 7

Chapter 2 presented methods for __________ variables as a first step in summarizing and Describing their distributions.

A)tabulating and graphing
B)compacting
C)removing
D)t umbling and gripping

Question 8

The modal value represents the __________value.

A)average
B)middle-most
C)most common
D)m ost extreme

Question 9

Chapter 8 extended the comparison of means to three or more groups through the__________.

A)analysis of frequency
B)variability of frequency
C)analysis of variance
D )variability of analysis

Question 10

The median value represents the __________value.

A)average
B)middle-most
C)most common
D)m ost extreme

Question 11

Chapter 12, on nonparametric measures, extended the correlational approach to variables That are measured at __________ than the __________ level.

A)less, nominal
B)more, ordinal
C)more, interval
D)less, interval

Question 12

Measures of variability are used to characterize how the data are ________ around the ________ of the distribution.

A)dispersed, end
B)dispersed, center
C)hidden, center
D)di splaced, end

Question 13

Chapter 3 presented three measures of central __________.

A)variability
B)tendency
C)square
D)devi ation

Question 14

An important property of the normal curve is its __________.

A)thinness
B)thickness
C)symmetry
D)sl ickness

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a nonparametric measure of correlation?

A)Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient
B)Goodman's and Kruskal's gamma
C)phi coefficient
D)Solomon's sigma coefficient

Question 16

In practice, the sample mean and its __________ are used to construct a confidence Interval.

A)stated ersatz
B)standard error
C)standard ersatz
D)stated error

Question 17

The three types of data described in Chapter 1 are:

A)nominal, ordinal, integral/routine
B)numerical, ordinal, interval/ratio
C)nominal, original, interval/ratio
D)nominal, ordinal, interval/ratio

Question 18

Described in Chapter 11, regression allows us to quantify the impact of one variable on Another by calculating the __________ of the regression line.

A)standard deviation
B)slope
C)skewness
D)sym metry

Question 19

The t ratio offers a method for determining whether a difference in means between __________ drawn samples is large enough to reject the null hypothesis.

A)dependently
B)independently
C)non-randomly
D)qui ckly

Question 20

One of the most important statistical facts is that the __________ , if based on a reasonably Large number of cases, is normally distributed.

A)sample mean
B)simple mean
C)simple truth
D )sample truth

Question 21

Below is a description of a research situation encountered in the social sciences. Based on the information provided, indicate the appropriate statistical procedure for testing the significance of differences or strength of correlation.
A sociologist is interested in the relationship between the type of education chosen for a child (public school or private school) and the race of the family (White, Black, Hispanic,Asian, Other). Which statistical test would one apply to determine the degree of association between race and type of schooling?

Question 22

Below is a description of a research situation encountered in the social sciences. Based on the information provided, indicate the appropriate statistical procedure for testing the significance of differences or strength of correlation.
A researcher is interested in analyzing the relationship between percentage of a country that is urbanized and the average male life expectancy in that country. What statistical procedure(s) should the researcher use to see if there is an association between percent of the country that is urbanized and male life expectancy?

Question 23

Below is a description of a research situation encountered in the social sciences. Based on the information provided, indicate the appropriate statistical procedure for testing the significance of differences or strength of correlation.
A social researcher is planning on studying the relationship between gender and years of education. Which statistic would one use to test educational differences between males and females?

Question 24

A researcher is interested to know if there is a relationship between race and political party affiliation. To investigate this question, she randomly polls 500 people and gets the following result:
The statistical test that will best determine the degree of association is the phi coefficient. Find chi-square and phi.

Question 25

Below is a description of a research situation encountered in the social sciences. Based on the information provided, indicate the appropriate statistical procedure for testing the significance of differences or strength of correlation.
A researcher is interested in the strength of the relationship between income and life expectancy. What statistical procedure(s) would one use to determine the strength of correlation between years of education and life expectancy?

Question 26

Below is a description of a research situation encountered in the social sciences. Based on the information provided, indicate the appropriate statistical procedure for testing the significance of differences or strength of correlation.
A researcher interested in quiz performance and temperature manipulates the room temperature and gives quizzes to different classes over a period of time. He then ranks the temperature (hot, comfortable, or cold) and the number of mistakes each student makes (none, low, medium, or high), and presents a cross-tabulation. What test of statistical association would one employ to test the association between temperature and performance?

Question 27

Below is a description of a research situation encountered in the social sciences. Based on the information provided, indicate the appropriate statistical procedure for testing the significance of differences or strength of correlation.
A social researcher is interested in studying whether social class influences life expectancy. The researcher divides social class into three categories: upper class, middle class, and lower class. Life expectancy is measured in years. Which statistical procedure would one apply to test for differences in life expectancy between social classes?

Question 28

Below is a description of a research situation encountered in the social sciences. Based on the information provided, indicate the appropriate statistical procedure for testing the significance of differences or strength of correlation.
High-income earners argue that they are already paying enough taxes. To test this claim, a sample of 100 high-income and 100 low-income taxpayers are asked to report their annual income and annual tax payment. A value for "percentage of income paid in taxes" is calculated for each individual. How best can one test the difference between these two samples?

Question 29

Below is a description of a research situation encountered in the social sciences. Based on the information provided, indicate the appropriate statistical procedure for testing the significance of differences or strength of correlation.
To investigate the validity of a particular academic test, researchers give the test to 20 college sophomores whose academic ability has been previously ranked by their professor.
The heading for the table of results looks like the following:
etc.
Which statistical procedure would one apply to determine the association between academic scores and students' rankings by their professor?

Question 30

Below is a description of a research situation encountered in the social sciences. Based on the information provided, indicate the appropriate statistical procedure for testing the significance of differences or strength of correlation.
A researcher is interested in studying the relationship between subjective social class (upper, middle, working, and lower) and a person's fear of losing their job in the next year(very afraid, a little bit afraid, or not at all afraid). Which statistical method would be best for analyzing the relationship between subjective social class and fear of unemployment within the next year?

Question 31

If the coefficient of determination for a particular regression is .64 , what is Pearson's correlation coefficient?

Question 32

Below is a description of a research situation encountered in the social sciences. Based on the information provided, indicate the appropriate statistical procedure for testing the significance of differences or strength of correlation.
A researcher is interested in studying the relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and the birth weight of the child in total ounces. Mothers were categorized as either smoking or non-smoking. Which statistical procedure would one apply to determine whether there was a significant difference in the birth weights of children born to smoking mothers versus non-smoking mothers?

Question 33

Below is a description of a research situation encountered in the social sciences. Based on the information provided, indicate the appropriate statistical procedure for testing the significance of differences or strength of correlation.
A sports fan is interested in seeing if the temperature outside is associated with the number of runs scored in a baseball game. The fan records the temperature at game time and the number of total runs scored in the game. Which statistic would indicate the degree of the relationship between game-time temperature and number of runs scored in a baseball game?

Question 34

Below is a description of a research situation encountered in the social sciences. Based on the information provided, indicate the appropriate statistical procedure for testing the significance of differences or strength of correlation.
High school students are given a standardized college preparedness test and their scores are recorded. The next week they spend several days learning test-taking techniques. They are then given another standardized test and their scores are recorded again. Which statistical procedure will test the effectiveness of the test-taking technique instruction on the standardized test scores of the high school students?

Question 35

Below is a description of a research situation encountered in the social sciences. Based on the information provided, indicate the appropriate statistical procedure for testing the significance of differences or strength of correlation.
A professor is interested in the relationship between his students' attendance and their performance in the class in general. He believes that the fewer days the students miss, the better they will perform in the class. At the end of the semester he counts the number of days of class each student missed and compares it to their final grade. Which statistical procedure would one use to test the hypothesized difference in class performance based on attendance?

Question 36

Below is a description of a research situation encountered in the social sciences. Based on the information provided, indicate the appropriate statistical procedure for testing the significance of differences or strength of correlation.
A researcher is interested in examining the relationship between marital status (married, widowed, divorced, separated, or never married) and the number of times a person had sex in the last year. What statistical technique will test the proposed relationship between marital status and the number of times a person has had sex in the last year?

Question 37

Below is a description of a research situation encountered in the social sciences. Based on the information provided, indicate the appropriate statistical procedure for testing the significance of differences or strength of correlation.
A death penalty researcher is interested in public opinion based on religious affiliation.
She asks 100 people for their views on the death penalty (support, do not support, or have no opinion), and to identify their religious preference in one of three categories. She then presents a cross-tabulation. What test of statistical association would one employ to test the association between religious preference and opinion on the death penalty?

Question 38

Below is a description of a research situation encountered in the social sciences. Based on the information provided, indicate the appropriate statistical procedure for testing the significance of differences or strength of correlation.
A social researcher is interested in studying the relationship between gender and political party affiliation (Democrat, Republican, or Other). What statistic would one employ to look at this potential relationship?

Question 39

Below is a description of a research situation encountered in the social sciences. Based on the information provided, indicate the appropriate statistical procedure for testing the significance of differences or strength of correlation.
A social researcher is interested in the relationship between religious affiliation and how often a person wears a safety belt in a car (all the time, sometimes, rarely, or never). What statistical test would be most appropriate for analyzing this research question? Which statistical procedure would one apply to determine whether there is a significant difference between religious affiliations with respect to seat belt usage?