Deck 3: Neuroscience

Question 1

The neocortex is responsible for the most complex behaviours in humans.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Autopsies are NOT the ideal way to learn about the brain because it is NOT evident how the brain worked when the person was alive.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The peripheral nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The peripheral nervous system includes the somatic and autonomic subdivisions.

Question 5

Immediately following an action potential,a neuron is ready to fire again.

Question 6

Dopamine is associated with difficulties with motor coordination.

Question 7

Explain the neuroscience evidence regarding brain lateralization,as well as research on the significance of brain size.

Question 8

Damage to the striatum may result in uncontrollable shaking.

Question 9

Describe what happens when a neuron "fires" and how neurons send messages to one another.

Question 10

Name and describe the functions and subdivisions of the two major parts of the nervous system.

Question 11

Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each.

Question 12

Efferent neurons carry signals from the CNS to the PNS.

Question 13

Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning.

Question 14

There are a greater number of neurons than glial cells in the human nervous system.

Question 15

The parietal cortex is located at the top middle of the brain.

Question 16

Describe the basic theory of evolution and explain how it has influenced our understanding of the human brain and behaviour.

Question 17

At resting potential,the extracellular fluid surrounding neurons does NOT contain ions.

Question 18

List key structures of the brain and describe their relationships to our behaviour.

Question 19

People often recover from damage to the medulla.

Question 20

Hormones are important for growth and reproduction.

Question 21

Which of the following brain study techniques CANNOT be used to experimentally investigate the human brain?

A) lesioning
B) EEGs
C) autopsy examination
D) the study of brain damage

Question 22

Which of the following brain study techniques is correctly matched with a description?

A) EEG - detects uptake of certain molecules in the brain
B) EEG - detects changes in blood flow in the brain
C) PET - detects uptake of certain molecules in the brain
D) fMRI - records brain's electrical activity from the scalp

Question 23

Although split brain patients show deficits in processing in laboratory experiments,they appear to have few problems in the real world.

Question 24

Dr.Draco wants to study attentional processes in a healthy,intact,normal human brain.What is the best technique for her to use to accomplish this goal?

A) transcranial magnetic stimulation
B) neuroimaging
C) lesioning studies
D) talk to a neuropsychologist about brain function

Question 25

Lesioning is to ___ as TMS is to ___.

A) humans; animals
B) animals; humans
C) humans; humans
D) animals; animals

Question 26

The number of eyespots on the peacock's tail predicts whether a peahen will find him attractive.

Question 27

Canadian and American statistics suggest that males are more likely to kill children who are genetically related to them than those who are NOT.

Question 28

Dr.Kensington is a neuropsychologist conducting a case study with a patient who lost the ability to speak after a stroke.What will he be able to learn by studying this patient's brain?

A) what caused the patient's stroke
B) how to prevent another stroke
C) what brain areas are involved in the speech function the patient lost
D) how long the patient is likely to live

Question 29

Women are less intelligent than men because their brains are smaller.

Question 30

Broca's area is critical for speech production.

Question 31

Left-handed individuals are more likely to have their language areas located on the right side of their brains than are right-handed individuals.

Question 32

Dr.Baker is studying the activity in the brain of a participant when they are in REM sleep and comparing that to the activity when they're fully alert.Given this goal,what is the best technique for Dr.Baker to use?

A) diffusion tensor imaging
B) magnetic resonance imaging
C) electroencephalogram
D) positron emission tomography

Question 33

Dr.Baku is investigating the function of the amygdala,and comparing activation when participants view emotionally charged photos versus serene scenery photos.Given the choices below,what is the best technique for Dr.Baku to use for this project?

A) diffusion tensor imaging
B) MRI
C) event-related potential
D) positron emission tomography

Question 34

Jack's uncle had Alzheimer's disease and when he died,he left his brain to medical science Which of the following techniques would be used to study Jack's uncle's brain?

A) neuroimaging
B) transcrancial magnetic stimulation
C) evoked related potentials
D) autopsy

Question 35

Dr.Alfine wants to know about the activity of the brain when someone is meditating and compare that to the activity when they're hypnotized.What would be the best technique for Dr.Alfine to use for this project?

A) diffusion tensor imaging
B) magnetic resonance imaging
C) electroencephalogram
D) positron emission tomography

Question 36

What technological advance allows scientists to study brain activity in healthy,awake humans?

A) neuroimaging
B) lesioning
C) autopsy
D) psychoanalysis

Question 37

Dr.Fargas is interested in investigating the memory processes in a healthy,intact,normal human brain.Given what you know about techniques for studying the brain,what technique would you recommend?

A) transcranial magnetic stimulation
B) neuroimaging
C) lesioning studies
D) talk to a neuropsychologist about brain function

Question 38

Which of the following ways to study the brain is NOT a neuroimaging technique?

A) functional magnetic resonance imaging
B) lesioning
C) diffusion tensor imaging
D) positron emission tomography

Question 39

Which of the following brain study techniques is correctly matched with a disadvantage?

A) examining cases of brain damage - tells little about how brain systems work while in use
B) autopsy study - cannot be used to investigate the human brain
C) EEG - only provides a summary of activity over a large area of tissue
D) lesioning - may not reflect the activity of the intact brain

Question 40

Left brain functions may be associated with creative and abstract reasoning.

Question 41

Dr.Clay is studying the function of the fusiform face area,and comparing activation when participants view faces that they know versus faces of strangers.Given the choices of techniques below,what is the best one for Dr.Clay to use?

A) diffusion tensor imaging
B) MRI
C) event-related potential
D) positron emission tomography

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using MRI rather than CT?

A) The MRI produces a three-dimensional image.
B) The MRI uses magnetic fields rather than X-rays.
C) The MRI is better at detecting injury to the brain.
D) The MRI is faster than the CT scan.

Question 43

CT is to ___ as MRI is to ___.

A) X-ray; blood flow
B) blood flow; X-ray
C) X-ray; magnetic field
D) magnetic field; X-ray

Question 44

What is the most obvious difference between fMRI and MRI?

A) fMRI is only used with children, MRI with children and adults.
B) fMRI detects grey matter damage, MRI detects white matter damage.
C) fMRI is used to study brain function, MRI is used to study brain structure.
D) fMRI is faster to administer and less costly than MRI.

Question 45

Which of the following methods to study the brain is best suited to measure the pathways of the white matter?

A) positron emission tomography
B) fMRI
C) ERP
D) diffusion tensor imaging

Question 46

Which of the following ways to study the brain is NOT a neuroimaging technique?

A) computed axial tomography scan
B) transcranial magnetic stimulation
C) diffusion tensor imaging
D) positron emission tomography

Question 47

Dr.Gray is investigating the function of the amygdala and is deciding whether to use EEG or fMRI.What is the main advantage of using EEG over fMRI?

A) It allows Dr. Gray to pinpoint exactly when the amygdala is active.
B) It provides Dr. Gray with a better measure of activity in different areas of the brain.
C) It also allows Dr. Gray to image the pathways between important brain areas.
D) It gives Dr. Gray information about how damage to different areas of the brain affect behaviour.

Question 48

Casey has suffered carbon monoxide poisoning that has resulted in extensive damage to her hippocampus.Researchers from a local university want to study her abilities in order to find out more about the function of the hippocampus.What is a disadvantage of using this technique to learn about brain function?

A) The location of brain activity cannot be pinpointed precisely.
B) It only tells us when a brain area is needed, not what the brain area does.
C) It is impossible to establish cause and effect.
D) It requires that the patients consume a radioactive substance.

Question 49

Dr.Grella wants to study what happens to short-term memory capacity in humans if the prefrontal cortex is destroyed.Obviously,destroying the prefrontal cortex of participants is out of the question.What is the next best thing that Dr.Grella could do to investigate this problem?

A) ERP
B) TMS
C) MRI
D) Examine the autopsy tissue of people who lived with short-term memory capacity deficits.

Question 50

CT is to PET as ___ is to ___.

A) function; structure
B) structure; function
C) structure; structure
D) function; function

Question 51

Doctors suspect that Jeremy has sustained a concussion.Which of the following would provide the most accurate information about this?

A) DTI
B) CT scan
C) MRI
D) EEG

Question 52

Dr.Emerson is contemplating the benefits of using DTI versus MRI for detecting mild traumatic brain injury.What would be a reason for Dr.Emerson to use DTI?

A) It can be used with people who have metal parts in their body (e.g., pacemakers).
B) Diagnosis with MRI scans alone can be difficult because the damage is often to white matter.
C) It is much less costly to use, and the results are available much faster.
D) It produces better images.

Question 53

Which of the following methods to study the brain is best suited to measure the activity of different brain areas as participants are performing a task?

A) transcranial magnetic stimulation
B) fMRI
C) CT scan
D) diffusion tensor imaging

Question 54

Although fMRI and MRI use the same machine to generate images,they differ in one fundamental way.In what do they differ?

A) fMRI produces very clear images, MRI produces images that are much less detailed.
B) fMRI detects grey matter damage, MRI detects white matter damage.
C) fMRI is used to study brain function, MRI is used to study brain structure.
D) fMRI is faster to administer and less costly than MRI.

Question 55

Which of the following methods to study the brain relies on two-dimensional X-ray images to produce anatomical pictures?

A) CT scan
B) TMS
C) MRI
D) PET

Question 56

Dr.Chalmers is learning about the brain by studying a patient of his who has suffered damage to the hippocampus.What is a drawback of using this technique to learn about brain function?

A) The location of brain activity cannot be pinpointed precisely.
B) It only tells us when a brain area is needed, not what the brain area does.
C) It is impossible to establish cause and effect.
D) It requires that the patients consume a radioactive substance.

Question 57

Dr.Deyz wants to investigate what happens to visual imagery in humans if the visual cortex is destroyed.Obviously.Dr.Deyz can't even propose a study like this to the ethics committee.What is the next best thing that Dr.Deyz could do to accomplish his goal?

A) ERP
B) TMS
C) MRI
D) Examine the autopsy tissue of people who lived with short-term memory capacity deficits.

Question 58

Dr.Fernelli is investigating the function of the prefrontal cortex and is deciding whether to use EEG or fMRI.What is the main advantage of using fMRI over EEG?

A) It allows Dr. Fernelli to pinpoint exactly when the prefrontal cortex is active.
B) It provides Dr. Fernelli with a better measure of activity in different areas of the brain.
C) It also allows Dr. Fernelli to image the pathways between important brain areas.
D) It gives Dr. Fernelli information about how damage to different areas of the brain affect behaviour.

Question 59

Dr.Edwin is contemplating the benefits of using a CT scan versus MRI.Which of the following would be a reason for Dr.Edwin to use MRI?

A) It produces better images.
B) It can be used with people who have any metal parts in their body (e.g., pacemakers).
C) It is faster to administer.
D) It is better at detecting brain diseases.

Question 60

Which of the following methods to study the brain relies on a magnetic field to produce anatomical pictures?

A) CT scan
B) TMS
C) MRI
D) PET

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT true about glial cells?

A) They control the nutrient supply to neurons.
B) They modulate neurotransmission.
C) They make up the myelin sheath of axons.
D) They outnumber neurons throughout the brain.

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT a symptom chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?

A) uncontrollable appetite
B) personality changes
C) mood swings
D) memory loss

Question 63

Kelsea is writing a book titled "XXXXX - So Much More Than Just Glue".What does the 'XXXXX' correspond to?

A) Neurons
B) Cerebrospinal Fluid
C) Glial Cells
D) Multipolar Cells

Question 64

What critical role does an oligodendroglia cell fulfill?

A) providing the myelin sheath
B) line the walls of ventricles
C) creation of the blood-brain barrier
D) repairs the axon terminals after neurotransmitter release

Question 65

What is the most obvious difference between fMRI and MRI?

A) fMRI is only used with children, MRI with children and adults.
B) fMRI detects grey matter damage, MRI detects white matter damage.
C) fMRI is used to study brain function, MRI is used to study brain structure.
D) fMRI is faster to administer and less costly than MRI.

Question 66

Desmond has suffered a stroke to Wernicke's area.In which of the following ways would you expect Desmond's behaviour to change?

A) He would no longer be able to understand language.
B) He would no longer be able to produce spoken words.
C) He would no longer be able to form new memories.
D) He would no longer be able to plan and organize.

Question 67

What is an advantage of using fMRI over PET scans to study brain function?

A) fMRI detects changes in brain function much faster than PET.
B) fMRI identifies which areas of the brain are active, PET only identifies when these areas are active.
C) fMRI can be used with people who have pacemakers or other metal in their bodies, while PET can't.
D) the results are available much faster with fMRI compared to PET.

Question 68

What is the biggest disadvantage of using PET scans to study brain function?

A) It doesn't detect changes in brain function very quickly.
B) It cannot identify which areas of the brain are active.
C) It cannot be used with people who have pacemakers or other metal in their bodies.
D) It is extremely costly compared to fMRI.

Question 69

Which of the following is true about glial cells?

A) They outnumber neurons throughout the brain.
B) Schwann cells are found in the central nervous system.
C) They have no role in neurotransmission.
D) They control the nutrient supply to neurons.

Question 70

Dr.Labelle has discovered a new primate species that does NOT have any astroglial cells.What can Dr.Labelle say for sure about this species?

A) Their neurons are damaged.
B) Their have no cerebrospinal fluid.
C) They have no blood-brain barrier.
D) They have multiple sclerosis.

Question 71

What critical role does an astroglial cell fulfill?

A) providing the myelin sheath
B) line the walls of ventricles
C) creation of the blood-brain barrier
D) repairs the axon terminals after neurotransmitter release

Question 72

What is the fundamental unit of the nervous system?

A) neuron
B) glia
C) axon
D) nuclei

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT a difference between neurons?

A) They can be large, while others are very small.
B) They can have distinct functions.
C) Some can have many dendrites, while others have only one.
D) Some are covered by a membrane that surrounds the entire neuron, others are not.

Question 74

The nervous system contains NOT only neurons,but also other cells called ___.

A) axons
B) glia
C) dendrites
D) myelin

Question 75

From a researcher's point of view,the biggest drawback of using PET scans is ___,but from a participant's point of view,the biggest disadvantage of having a PET scan is that ___.

A) it doesn't provide information about brain function; it costs a lot
B) it doesn't provide information about brain structure; the results aren't available for a few weeks
C) it only provides information about white matter; it is an extremely painful procedure
D) it takes a while to detect changes in brain activity; it requires injection of a harmless radioactive substance

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT a problem with learning about brain function from people with damage to specific areas?

A) It doesn't allow causal conclusions about what brain areas cause specific behaviours.
B) Patients with brain damage may have undetectable damage as well that cause behavioural changes.
C) Reorganization in the brain after damage may further distinguish the damaged brain from the intact brain.
D) Patients with brain damage have different concentrations of oxygenated hemoglobin that is not easy to measure with today's technologies.

Question 77

What is the main advantage over using MRI compared to using a CT scan?

A) MRI also gives information about brain function.
B) CT scan only produces two-dimensional images.
C) CT scan is slower to administer and is more costly.
D) MRI produces clearer images.

Question 78

Jasper is writing a book all about glial cells.What would be a good title for his book?

A) Glia - The Boss of Brain Communication
B) How to Protect Yourself from Neurogenesis
C) Glia - So Much More than Just Glue
D) Don't Sneeze! Your Glia is Loose!

Question 79

Which of the following is a problem with learning about brain function from people with damage to specific areas?

A) Patients with brain damage have different concentrations of oxygenated hemoglobin that is not easy to measure with today's technologies.
B) Reorganization of the brain after damage may further distinguish the damaged brain from the intact brain.
C) Causal conclusions can only be established in cases where the area of brain destroyed is localized and not distributed throughout the brain.
D) It is only possible to use this technique if the damage occurred prenatally.

Question 80

What is the only way to definitively diagnose chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?

A) post mortem
B) DTI
C) MRI
D) PET