Deck 11: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement.

Answer 1

-Affiliation represents our need to interact with others,not only for survival,but also for self-worth.
-Isolation puts people at risk of psychological impairments.
-Self-determination theory suggests that we need competence,relatedness,and autonomy to realize our potential.
-Achievement through intrinsic motivation does not involve incentives.
-Individuals who are able to delay gratification can focus on goals and ignore distractions.

Question 2

People eat less when they are in a social setting.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

When an internal factor alters the state of balance in an organism,a motivation arises to correct the balance.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

If we did NOT have biological signals from the stomach,we would NEVER be hungry.

Question 5

Identify some factors that influence whether or not a person is happy.

Question 6

Arousal theory deviates from drive-reduction theory because we are NOT always motivated to reduce arousal back to some neutral state.

Question 7

Briefly explain each of the five major theories of motivation.

Question 8

According to drive-reduction theory,if working on commission motivates you to sell more of a product,it is serving to reduce your drive to make money.

Question 9

Summarize the factors that affect our levels of hunger and our eating behaviour.

Question 10

When an external factor alters the state of balance in an organism and it is motivated to correct that balance,the external factor creates an incentive.

Question 11

Discuss the major theories of emotion,and identify the pathways through which emotions are experienced according to each theory.

Question 12

The brain circuitry involved in eating is also active in a variety of motivational situations.

Question 13

Define emotion and discuss the components,measurement,and functions of emotion.

Question 14

Letitia recently moved to a new city.According to Maslow,Letitia will be motivated to look for a new job before she looks for an apartment.

Question 15

Describe factors that affect our sexual motivation and behaviour.

Question 16

Many of our basic motives are innate.

Question 17

According to drive-reduction theory,you drink water when you are thirsty to reinstate homeostasis.

Question 18

Carl Rogers is famous for developing the hierarchy of needs model.

Question 19

The ventromedial region of the hypothalamus plays a role in satiation.

Question 20

Incentive theory highlights the influence of external stimuli on behaviour.

Question 21

Kinsey's work during the 1940s led to the realization that "normal" people engage in sexual behaviours such as oral sex,anal sex,and having multiple partners.

Question 22

A universal definition of emotion has eluded scientists.

Question 23

By 2 years of age,children can see the value of trading the acceptance of one candy for a whole bag of candy if they simply wait 30 minutes.

Question 24

A person who has an obese friend is less likely to be obese themselves.

Question 25

Physical manifestations of emotions such as anxiety are produced by our autonomic nervous system.

Question 26

Areas of the human brain related to sexual arousal can become activated even if people are presented with erotic photographs so quickly that they are NOT consciously aware of the stimuli.

Question 27

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion,an experience without a physiological response CANNOT induce an emotion.

Question 28

Sexual orientation is a continuum,and that many people are NOT exclusively heterosexual or homosexual.

Question 29

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion postulates that the subjective experience of emotion and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system occur simultaneously.

Question 30

When we are denied contact with other humans,our motivation to achieve self-actualization increases.

Question 31

Elderly spouses who provide more care for one another tend to live longer than those who are less considerate of one another.

Question 32

Happiness is almost universally expressed with a smile.

Question 33

The body mass index is calculated as a fat-to-muscle ratio.

Question 34

Most human beings act to maximize positive experience.

Question 35

In all known cultures,sex with 9-year-old children is considered unacceptable.

Question 36

School performance is affected by both physical and psychological needs.

Question 37

Many of the diet programs available today have long-term,successful outcomes.

Question 38

Testosterone is only associated with the male sex drive.

Question 39

Statistics suggest that 1 in 50 young women in Canada exhibit symptoms of anorexia.

Question 40

Biological motivations CANNOT be inhibited.

Question 41

Which of the following behaviours is instinctive?

A) driving to work
B) sports when bored
C) reading when sleepy
D) eating when hungry

Question 42

Which major theory of motivation believes that behaviour is motivated by internal (intrinsic)or external (extrinsic)incentives or rewards?

A) instinct
B) drive reduction
C) incentive
D) hierarchy of needs

Question 43

Which major theory of motivation believes that behaviour is motivated by biological needs to maintain the body in a state of balance?

A) instinct
B) drive reduction
C) hierarchy of needs
D) incentive

Question 44

According to drive theory of motivation,if you eat when you are hungry,what is the result of eating?

A) drive fulfillment and incentive reduction
B) drive reduction and physiological equilibrium
C) instinct fulfillment and physiological equilibrium
D) arousal reduction and drive fulfillment

Question 45

Facial expressions NOT only express an emotion but also intensify the physiological experience of the emotion.

Question 46

How long does the motivation to socially connect with other human beings persist?

A) first few weeks of life
B) throughout childhood
C) throughout life
D) up until old age when it is extinguished

Question 47

Emotional arousal related to the height of a bridge can be misinterpreted as sexual attraction.

Question 48

Of the following statements,which are true?

A) Rooting is an instinctive human behaviour.
B) Rooting allows a baby to seek social contact with its mother.
C) Rooting is a form of primitive social behaviour.
D) all of the above

Question 49

Stephanie is about to skydive for the first time and she is terrified.However,she does it anyways,screams for the first 20 seconds.What theory of motivation would have the most tough time explaining this behaviour?

A) hierarchy of needs
B) incentive
C) arousal
D) drive reduction

Question 50

Motivation is best defined as

A) an internal state or condition that directs behaviour.
B) a desire to get rid of a need.
C) the direction that one is being driven from within.
D) a combination of our ability to plan ahead and represent those plans in memory.

Question 51

Which of the following is probably NOT one of the motives driving Kobayashi to enter hot dog eating contests?

A) hunger
B) attention
C) fame
D) money

Question 52

A rise in blood brain temperature is related to the experience of positive emotions.

Question 53

Simon hates his job at the Piggly Wiggly,but the money is really good,so he stays.What theory of motivation would best explain Simon's behaviour?

A) hierarchy of needs
B) arousal
C) incentive
D) drive reduction

Question 54

What term is used in the textbook to describe a set of "behavioural blueprints?"

A) condition
B) goal
C) emotional desire
D) instinct

Question 55

Which theory of motivation states that our behaviours are attempts by the body to maintain homeostasis?

A) drive reduction
B) instinct
C) arousal
D) incentive

Question 56

What argument suggests that the instinct theory of motivation is INCORRECT?

A) Some behaviours are innate.
B) Instincts persist throughout life.
C) The need for social interaction changes over time.
D) Instinct theory cannot explain differences among individuals.

Question 57

Which of the following is a problem for both the instinct and drive-reduction theories of motivation?

A) the fact that dopamine is triggers by reward
B) the fact that we are capable of voluntarily making decisions
C) the fact that most people do well with high arousal when a task is simple
D) the fact that our needs progress through a hierarchy

Question 58

Stella went for a long run and is thirsty.She gets a big drink of water the minute she steps in the door.What theory of motivation would best explain Stella's behaviour?

A) hierarchy of needs
B) instinct
C) incentive
D) drive reduction

Question 59

Wealthy people report being less happy than those of modest means.

Question 60

How do psychologists define motivation?

A) a condition that directs behaviour toward arousal
B) a condition that directs behaviour toward a goal
C) a condition that satisfies an emotional desire
D) a condition that directs behaviour for survival

Question 61

People who score high on the personality-related dimension of alexithymia find it especially difficult to

A) open up to others emotionally.
B) understand facial expressions.
C) understand social-based emotions (e.g., embarrassment and shame).
D) cognitively process of emotion.

Question 62

Which of the following tasks might NOT be disrupted by highly arousing circumstances?

A) performing surgery
B) defusing a bomb
C) piloting an airplane during takeoffs/landings
D) running a marathon

Question 63

Mark works on an assembly line building brooms and he enjoys listening to music during the work day because he is bored.At home when he builds model airplanes,he is thoroughly engaged,and needs absolute quiet during this task.What law explains this difference in Mark's need for arousal?

A) Law of Relative Arousal
B) Yansoff-Dorgenin
C) Yerkes-Dodson
D) Fitt's First Law of Motivation

Question 64

To maintain the homeostasis of body temperature,what behavioural actions can be taken?

A) Get a cold drink when hot to reduce core temperature.
B) Get a warm drink when warm to match internal and external temperature levels.
C) Shed clothing when cold to match internal and external temperature levels.
D) Add clothing when warm to raise core temperature.

Question 65

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,performance on a task is maximized when the arousal levels are

A) higher for complex tasks and lower for simple tasks.
B) high for both complex and simple tasks.
C) low for both complex and simple tasks.
D) lower for complex task and higher for simple tasks.

Question 66

Which theory of motivation can explain the non-goal-directed behaviours associated with curiosity?

A) arousal
B) instinct
C) drive reduction
D) incentive

Question 67

After completing a 10k run,Jada is covered in sweat and is very thirsty.Which of the following most accurately matches Jada's behaviours with motivational theories?

A) Sweating -- instinct theory; thirst - drive-reduction theory
B) Sweating - drive-reduction theory; thirst - drive-reduction theory
C) Sweating - instinct theory; thirst - instinct theory
D) Sweating - drive-reduction theory; thirst - instinct theory

Question 68

What behaviour does arousal theory explain that instinct and drive-reduction theories of motivation CANNOT?

A) hunger
B) curiosity
C) thirst
D) sexual

Question 69

Which of the following is an example of an incentive?

A) money
B) social recognition
C) food
D) all of these

Question 70

Which of the following incentives is intrinsically motivating?

A) feelings of pride in a job well done
B) public recognition
C) monetary compensation
D) food and water

Question 71

What term is used to describe the body's internal state of balance or equilibrium?

A) symmetry
B) instinct
C) arousal
D) homeostasis

Question 72

How does arousal theory differ from drive-reduction theory?

A) Motivation always counteracts homeostasis.
B) Motivation may not always arise from a reduction of arousal.
C) Over-arousal is always stimulating.
D) Motivation always defers to homeostasis.

Question 73

Julia is helping her 10-year-old son with his math homework.Every time he gets a homework question right,she gives him a nickel.In this example,the nickel is an example of a(n)___.

A) primary incentive
B) secondary incentive
C) intrinsic motivator
D) intrinsic incentive

Question 74

Surgeons often report that,when performing delicate surgeries,they like to have their favourite music playing in the operating room.According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,which of the following best explains the effect the music is likely to have on the surgeon?

A) The music increases the surgeon's level of arousal, thereby optimizing his performance.
B) The music decreases the surgeon's level of arousal, thereby optimizing his performance.
C) The music decreases the surgeon's heart rate, thereby helping his body return to equilibrium.
D) The music increases the surgeon's heart rate, thereby increasing his need to reduce the drive to reach equilibrium.

Question 75

Ever since one-year-old Tasha started walking,she seems to be getting into everything and often tries to get into the kitchen cupboards.If her mother gives her small boxes she will spend a long time trying to see what is inside each of them.Which theory best explains Tasha's need to explore?

A) instinct theory
B) drive-reduction theory
C) arousal theory
D) incentive theory

Question 76

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,what is the relationship between arousal level and task difficulty?

A) There is no relationship.
B) They are inversely related.
C) This law does not address arousal.
D) This law does not address task difficulty.

Question 77

What term is used to describe the satisfaction derived from simply engaging in a behaviour?

A) intrinsic motivation
B) extrinsic motivation
C) central motivation
D) inherent motivation

Question 78

Sebastian is performing an extremely complex task that involves his full concentration.According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,what would be Sebastian's optimal level of arousal for him while performing the task?

A) low-medium
B) low
C) medium-high
D) high

Question 79

Which of the following behaviours CANNOT be explained by drive-reduction theory?

A) temperature regulation
B) skydiving
C) fluid intake
D) sexual behaviour

Question 80

What theory of motivation is based on the concept of homeostasis?

A) instinct
B) drive reduction
C) arousal
D) incentive