Deck 15: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

People with depression have been found to have elevated levels of cortisol.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Describe the various types of anxiety disorders,and explain some causes of these disorders.

Answer 2

-As a group,anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders in North America.Often,people with one type of anxiety disorder have another type as well.
-People with generalized anxiety disorder experience persistent feelings of worry and anxiety.Some cognitive theorists suggest that this disorder arises in people who hold certain dysfunctional or irrational assumptions,while others focus on the individual's intolerance of uncertainty.An important neuroscience explanation focuses on gamma-aminobutyric acid,a neurotransmitter involved in fear reactions.
-People with social anxiety disorder display severe,persistent,and irrational fears of social or performance situations.Some socio-cultural factors appear to be involved.
-People with phobias have a persistent and irrational fear of a specific object,activity,or situation.Behavioural principles,including classical conditioning and modelling,provide the leading explanations for specific phobias.
-People with panic disorder have recurrent attacks of terror.These panic attacks are sometimes accompanied by agoraphobia-a fear of venturing into public places.A neuroscience-cognitive explanation of the disorder focuses on physical sensations produced by malfunctioning brain circuitry,which are then misinterpreted.
-People with obsessive-compulsive disorder feel overrun by recurrent thoughts that cause anxiety (obsessions)and by the need to perform repetitive actions to reduce this anxiety (compulsions).While cognitive-behavioural theorists focus on the role of learning in these behaviours,neuroscientists focus on abnormally low levels of serotonin or abnormal functioning in specific brain regions.
-People with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)are tormented by fear and related symptoms well after a horrifying event has ended.Although extraordinary trauma causes the disorder,not everyone who experiences such trauma develops PTSD.Differences in biological processes,personalities,childhood experiences,social support systems,and cultural backgrounds make people more or less likely to respond to trauma by developing the disorder.

Question 3

Discuss the features and possible causes of somatic symptom and related disorders,dissociative,and personality disorders.

Answer 3

-Somatic symptom and related disorders include five diagnoses: somatic symptom disorder,illness anxiety disorder,conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder),psychological factors affecting other medical conditions,and factitious disorder.
-Somatic symptom and related disorders are thought to result from classical conditioning,modelling,or misinterpretation of bodily cues,similar to anxiety disorders.Cognitive theorists suggest that people with one of these types of disorders are extremely sensitive to bodily cues and come to misinterpret them.
-Changes in memory that lack a physical cause are called dissociative disorders.DSM-5 includes three major dissociative disorders: dissociative amnesia,depersonalization/derealization disorder,and dissociative identity disorder.In dissociative amnesia,people are unable to recall important information about their lives.In depersonalization/derealization disorder,stress alters perceptions,detaching the self from the body.In dissociative fugue,people not only forget their identities and their past lives,but also flee to a different location.In dissociative identity disorder,people develop two or more distinct personalities.
-Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative disorders are caused by repression,the most basic ego defence mechanism,but this view has not received strong research support.
-People with antisocial personality disorder persistently disregard and violate others' rights.Because of their potentially negative behaviour,such as lying,impulsiveness,and recklessness,they are frequently found in prison.According to behavioural theorists,this disorder can be learned through various means.Neuroscience explanations focus on brain factors,such as low serotonin levels,deficient frontal lobe functioning,and low arousal in response to warnings.
-People with borderline personality disorder display great instability,including major shifts in mood,an unstable self-image,and impulsivity.This disorder is not well understood,but a recent biosocial theory proposes that it results from a combination of internal and external forces.

Question 4

Describe the features of schizophrenia and some theories of what causes it.

Question 5

The rates of psychological disorders in most other countries are lower than those in Canada.

Question 6

According to Freud,abnormal behaviour results when a child becomes fixated at an early stage of development.

Question 7

Men are more than twice as likely to experience major depressive disorders than are women.

Question 8

Most people who recover from major depressive disorder have at least one other episode of depression later in their life.

Question 9

According to the behavioural perspective,abnormal behaviours are acquired by the same principles of learning as adaptive behaviours.

Question 10

Describe the major models used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning.

Question 11

When a person feels upset by their negative thoughts and feelings and the impact they may be having on their life,they may be described as feeling distress.

Question 12

Low levels of dopamine are linked to depression.

Question 13

Most eccentric people suffer from psychological disorders.

Question 14

Gender and racial prejudice and discrimination may contribute to certain forms of abnormal functioning.

Question 15

There is no universally accepted definition of abnormal behaviour.

Question 16

Describe and differentiate major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.

Question 17

Identify the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning,and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed.

Question 18

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition,(DSM-5)provides symptoms for approximately 400 mental disorders.

Question 19

Cognitive-behavioural theorists view emotions and biological events as unimportant to understanding the development of abnormal functioning.

Question 20

People whose lives are isolated and without intimacy are less prone to becoming depressed in times of stress.

Question 21

Women are at least twice as likely as men to develop stress disorders.

Question 22

The symptoms of acute stress disorder and PTSD are almost identical.

Question 23

Around 21% of all people over 15 years of age have suffered from a panic attack at some point in their lives.

Question 24

Studies have found that people with generalized anxiety disorder display a greater intolerance of uncertainty than people with normal degrees of anxiety.

Question 25

Women with a history of bipolar disorder,schizophrenia,or major depressive disorder are particularly vulnerable to postpartum psychosis.

Question 26

People who are separated or divorced display lower rates of depression than married persons and people who have NEVER been married.

Question 27

According to most studies,bipolar disorders are equally common in women and men and among all socio-economic classes and ethnic groups.

Question 28

Delusions of grandeur are the most common delusions in schizophrenia.

Question 29

Increasing dopamine activity helps reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia.

Question 30

People with OCD experience intrusive thoughts more often than other people.

Question 31

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is equally common in men and women,and among people of different races and ethnic groups.

Question 32

Equal numbers of men and women are diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Question 33

People whose social and family support systems are weak are less likely to develop a stress disorder after a traumatic event.

Question 34

Panic disorder is at least twice as common among men as among women.

Question 35

People with antisocial personality disorder seem to have difficulty learning from punishment or negative outcomes.

Question 36

Generalized anxiety disorder is diagnosed more frequently among men than among women.

Question 37

Many theorists believe that people inherit a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia.

Question 38

The transformation of personal distress into somatic complaints is the norm in Western cultures such as in North America.

Question 39

People with antisocial personalities often form relationships to exploit others for material gain or personal gratification.

Question 40

Surveys indicate that a PTSD lifetime prevalence rate of 9.2 percent of people in Canada.

Question 41

Hudson always uses an umbrella,even when it isn't raining.He just feels better if he has his umbrella over his head any time he's outside.What key feature of a psychological abnormality is Hudson displaying?

A) distress
B) deviance
C) danger
D) dysfunction

Question 42

Peter is mentally ill and living in a hospital in London in the mid 1700's.What is his treatment likely to be?

A) pills
B) shock therapy
C) restraints
D) leeching

Question 43

Which of the following measures of psychological dysfunction is most likely to be affected by time,culture,and history?

A) deviance
B) distress
C) dysfunction
D) danger

Question 44

Priscilla's friends are growing increasingly concerned about her since the loss of her husband.Her sadness seems to be taking over her life.She lives in her pajamas,there is garbage throughout her house,her days and nights are all mixed up,and she no longer bathes.What key feature of a psychological abnormality is Priscilla showing with her behaviour?

A) distress
B) deviance
C) danger
D) dysfunction

Question 45

According to the textbooks complete definition of abnormal behaviour,which of the following statistically infrequent behaviours would qualify as most abnormal?

A) the belief that the CIA is following you
B) having your entire body tattooed
C) living a completely celibate life
D) all of these options

Question 46

What is a limitation of using the medical model approach to mental illness?

A) We will never fully understand all the things that can go wrong with the brain.
B) We are powerless to fix anything that we find wrong with the brain.
C) It ignores the influence of environmental factors in mental illness.
D) It ignores the fact that mental illness would have evolved.

Question 47

The link between physical illness and madness was finally made when the advanced symptoms of ___ included dementia,delusions,hallucinations,and inappropriate moods.

A) general hysteria
B) gonorrhea
C) general paresis
D) general mental illness

Question 48

Avril doesn't ever take off her coat.It started gradually,just wearing it to class and parties,but now she even sleeps in it.What key feature of a psychological abnormality is Avril showing?

A) distress
B) deviance
C) danger
D) dysfunction

Question 49

In each year,at least ___ percent of adults in Canada display serious psychological disturbance.

A) 15
B) 22
C) 28
D) 35

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT one of the "four D's" that are most commonly used as key features to define someone as having a psychological abnormality?

A) dissociate
B) danger
C) distress
D) deviance

Question 51

Individuals diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder experience more anxiety than others in the average population.

Question 52

Which of the following describes the main goal of the medical model approach to mental illness?

A) treating mental illness solely with medication
B) linking physical illnesses and symptoms of mental illnesses
C) having mental illnesses only treated by psychiatrists who are medical doctors
D) identify common symptoms, make predictions about prognoses, search for possible causes, and suggest treatment

Question 53

Abnormal psychology is defined as

A) the empirical analysis of case studies.
B) the scientific study of psychological disorders.
C) the observation and testing of deviant thoughts, behaviours, or feelings.
D) the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.

Question 54

Marissa is really worried about her cousin.The last time they were together,he mentioned that he thought suicide was a good option.What key feature of a psychological abnormality is Marissa's cousin displaying?

A) distress
B) dysfunction
C) danger
D) deviance

Question 55

Of the four key features that are universally accepted by most definitions of a psychological abnormality,which one are you LEAST likely to see in someone with a mental illness?

A) deviance
B) distress
C) dysfunction
D) danger

Question 56

Which of the following is one of the four "Ds" of psychological dysfunction?

A) delusions
B) danger
C) dissociation
D) dynamic

Question 57

Clara,a self-assured,well-liked,and otherwise average woman in sixteenth-century England wanted to pursue an education at the university level.By what definitional criterion may her behaviour be considered abnormal?

A) danger
B) dysfunction
C) distress
D) deviance

Question 58

Ashley is really worried about her cousin.The last time they were together,he mentioned that he thought suicide was a good option.What key feature of a psychological abnormality is Ashley's cousin displaying?

A) distress
B) deviance
C) danger
D) dysfunction

Question 59

Stuart was a loner who lived with 200 dogs,cats,and sheep on a farm in Scotland.Although this behaviour deviates from societal norms,some may apply a specific label to describe the marked individuality of this person.What is this label?

A) dysfunctional
B) dangerous
C) eccentric
D) antisocial

Question 60

Alba has difficulty understanding how to interact well with other people.She is socially awkward and withdrawn.Which of the criteria of mental illness best describes Alba?

A) deviance
B) distress
C) dysfunction
D) danger

Question 61

Comorbidity means that

A) the disorder is a secondary complication of some other disorder.
B) the disorder has potential consequences for morbidity and mortality.
C) the person qualifies for diagnoses of two or more disorders.
D) the person has a long-term psychological disability that has resulted in at least two hospitalizations.

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT one of the somatoform disorders?

A) conversion disorder
B) bipolar disorder
C) somatization disorder
D) hypochondriasis

Question 63

If a person qualifies for two or more diagnoses,this is called

A) correlation.
B) comorbidity.
C) multiple personality disorder.
D) multiphasic dysfunction.

Question 64

Assigning a diagnosis suggests that the client's pattern of dysfunction

A) is basically the same as patterns displayed by many other people.
B) has been researched in numerous studies.
C) has responded to certain kinds of treatment.
D) all of the above.

Question 65

Zehra is being treated for multiple mental health problems.She has suffered from depression for years,but recently,she has also developed obsessive-compulsive disorder that manifests as an intense fear of germs.It is so severe,that she CANNOT leave her house for fear of being contaminated with foreign germs,and so technically she has agoraphobia too.Psychologists would say that Zehra is showing

A) post-traumatic stress disorder.
B) comorbidity.
C) exacerbating symptom development.
D) conflicting diagnoses.

Question 66

After administering a battery of psychological tests,Shreya's psychologist determines that she is suffering from borderline personality disorder.Shreya's psychologist has made a ___.

A) classification
B) criteria decision
C) diagnosis
D) psychological determination

Question 67

Huntington's disease is considered a ___ disorder.

A) somatoform
B) dissociative
C) cognitive
D) psychotic

Question 68

Dr.Schmidt is a neuroscientist who is conducting research on probable causes of depression.In which of the following might Dr.Schmidt be interested?

A) situational factors that increase depressive symptoms
B) the thought processes of those who are depressed
C) the role of genetics and viral infections on depression
D) unconscious conflicts that cause anxiety and depression

Question 69

Owain is writing an article that explores the reasons why NOT all professionals have embraced the latest edition of the DSM.Which of the following is NOT one of these reasons?

A) it doesn't list the causes of the disorders.
B) there are some overlapping constructs and poorly explained concepts.
C) no acknowledgement of environmental factors in mental disorders (e.g., poverty, abuse).
D) psychiatric drug industry played too much of a role in the development of the latest edition.

Question 70

Maude has just been told by a mental health professional that she is showing comorbidity.What news did Maude receive?

A) that her symptoms are intensifying
B) that her twin died at birth, leaving her with unresolved issues
C) that she has an incurable mental illness
D) that she has two or more diagnoses

Question 71

Currently the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)is in its ___ edition,while the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)is in its ___ edition.

A) first / second
B) second / first
C) fourth / tenth
D) tenth / fifth

Question 72

When someone has symptoms that qualify them for more than one diagnosis,this is called

A) codominant.
B) concurrent diagnoses.
C) comorbidity.
D) conduct disorder.

Question 73

The DSM describes approximately ___ disorders.

A) 200
B) 300
C) 400
D) 500

Question 74

The leading classification system for mental disorders in Canada is the

A) Clinical Guidebook to Psychological Disorders.
B) Dysfunction and Symptomology Manual.
C) Psychiatric Assessment and Treatment Compendium.
D) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Question 75

Which of the following groups of disorders is characterized by a loss of contact with reality?

A) psychotic disorders
B) somatoform disorders
C) anxiety disorders
D) personality disorders

Question 76

What is the difference between neurocognitive disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders?

A) Neurocognitive disorders primarily affect cognitive functioning and are the result of injury or disease; neurodevelopmental disorders affect social or academic functioning and onset occurs prior to school age.
B) Neurocognitive disorders are the result of a lower intelligence; neurodevelopmental disorders are the result of injury or disease.
C) Neurocognitive disorders are inherited problems, such as chromosomal abnormalities; neurodevelopmental disorders are caused by some environmental disturbances, such as injury.
D) Neurocognitive disorders are treatable with intense therapy and medications; neurodevelopmental disorders are considered untreatable but manageable.

Question 77

What term is used to describe an individual who has been diagnosed with two or more psychological disorders?

A) comorbidity
B) coaxial illnesses
C) delusional
D) fixated

Question 78

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD)is published by the ___.

A) American Psychological Association
B) American Psychiatric Society
C) World Health Organization
D) United Nations

Question 79

Keisha has been diagnosed with both depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.Which of the following describes a diagnosis of two or more psychological disorders?

A) dual diagnosis
B) co-psychological disorders
C) comorbidity
D) multiple disorder syndrome

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of using the DSM-5 as a classification system for psychological disorders?

A) Someone with a diagnosis may be stigmatized for having a mental illness.
B) It doesn't explain the causes of the different mental disorders.
C) It uses vague constructs and poorly defined concepts.
D) The psychiatric drug companies had a significant role in development of the DSM-5 classification system.