Deck 18: The Fishes: Vertebrate Success in Water

Question 1

List at least 8 of the 12 steps of Alcoholics Anonymous.

Answer 1

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an international mutual aid fellowship that helps people to stay sober from alcoholic addiction. This fellowship has adapted a set of guidelines, "Twelve-step program" to address alcoholism.
Few of the steps of Alcoholics Anonymous are given below:
1. Loss of control over alcohol has pushed the lives into an unmanageable situation.
2. Higher power would restore sanity.
3. Decide to do God's will.
4. Search for fearless moral inventory.
5. Submit the life to God.
6. Look for salvation.
7. Repent and ask God to remove all shortcomings.
8. Set the things right with people and God.

Question 2

What are the four "stages of change" listed in the text?

Answer 2

Stage of change is a stage part of prevention and treatment program on alcohol. It is a motivational enhancement therapy that allows alcoholics to maintain sobriety.
The stages involved in this program are as follows:
1. Pre-contemplation stage : the individuals cannot recognize the existence of the problem.
2. Contemplation stage : the individuals recognize the existence of the problem and believe that there is a scope of change.
3. Preparation stage : the individuals decide to change and plan accordingly.
4. Action stage : individuals take initiative to take treatment.

Question 3

Describe the kinds of contingencies used in contingency management: What happens if the client has several "clean" urine samples in a row? What happens if the client fails one of the urine sample tests?

Answer 3

Contingency Management is a type of treatment that is used to treat individuals doing substance abuses. Under this program, the individuals are treated through behavioral approach. In addition, individuals with clean test results would receive immediate rewards in the form of gift vouchers that can be redeemable for goods and services.
The individual receive rewards for every clean urine sample. If an individual has several clean urine samples in a row, he/she would earn more rewards by the end of the program (approx. $ 4,030 over the six months).
If an individual found to have positive test results for any illicit drugs in one of the urine samples, the voucher value resets back to its basic value (i.e. $ 7).

Question 4

Give one example for each: agonist/substitution therapy, antagonist therapy, and punishment therapy.

Question 5

What drugs are typically used to reduce withdrawal symptoms during alcohol detoxification?

Question 6

Compare and contrast the use of disulfiram (Antabuse) versus either naltrexone or acamprosate for alcohol dependence.

Question 7

List four of the five types of available nicotine- replacement therapy.

Question 8

How are methadone and buprenorphine similar to each other and different from naltrexone as treatments for opioid dependence?

Question 9

The effort to develop drugs to treat cocaine dependence has targeted which neurotransmitter systems?

Question 10

How big a problem is cannabis dependence, and what seems to be the most promising drug treatment currently being studied?