Deck 20: The Urinary System

Question 1

Explain the important differences between blood plasma and glomerular filtrate.

Answer 1

The liquid part of the blood is known as the blood plasma. It is a solution of salt and proteins. Platelets, red and white blood cells are suspended in it. Nearly 55% of the total blood volume is comprised of the blood plasma. The main protein constituent present in the plasma is the albumin. Globulins and the fibrinogen are also present in the blood plasma.
Major functions serve by the blood plasma are blood pressure maintenance, transfer of various blood clotting factors as well immunity. The pH balance in the cell is also maintained by the blood plasma only as it contains various vital minerals in it like, potassium and the sodium.
The fluid present in the glomerular capsule is called as the glomerular filtrate. Glomerular filtrate is actually is the portion of the blood plasma only. The major part of the glomerular filtrate is composed of the water. The composition of the glomerular filtrate is share resemblance with the plasma composition, but it does not carry the components of large size like cells and the plasma proteins in it.

Question 2

Describe the effects of aging that occur in the kidneys and urinary bladder.

Answer 2

Aging process greatly affects the function of the kidney as well as the urinary bladder. Nephrolithiasis is the disorder results in the kidney stone formation or the calculi formation in the kidney grows with the age. Aging process also causes the reduction in the number of functional neurons in the kidney due to, which the size of the kidney decreases.
Damage to the filtration apparatus of the glomeruli as well as reduction in the number of glomeruli causes renal blood flow reduction. Low reabsorption of the sodium and water due to the reduced sensitivity of collecting duct and neurons towards the anti-diuretic hormone is also caused by aging. Aging also causes the loss of the tone of sphincter muscle.
Urinary bladder loses its flexibility along with the aging process and because of the loss of flexibility, urinary bladder become unable to hold the large amount of the urine, which causes the urge for frequent urination. More of the sodium ions are excreted out through the urine. Aging also causes the partial or complete loss of the urination control ability.
Aging induces the weakness in the muscles of the bladder due to, which vagina and the bladder in the females prolapsed, whereas in the males the increase in the size of the prostate gland urethra gets blocked. Frequent infection in the urinary tract is also one of the major effects of the aging.

Question 3

Which of the following is the innermost layer of kidney tissue?

A) major calyx
B) renal pelvis
C) renal cortex
D) renal medulla

Answer 3

D
The major calyx refers to the fusion of minor calyxes which when combined, form the renal pelvis. At the center of the kidney the renal pelvis is present. It is a funnel-shaped structure present at the hilum of the kidney.
The outermost part of a kidney is constituted by granulated layer of renal cortex. It makes up approximately one-third of the total mass of the kidney. It is the outer region of the kidney between the renal medulla and renal capsule. It consists of the glomeruli and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
Hence, the options A, B and C are incorrect.
There are three major regions of a kidney, namely renal medulla, renal cortex and renal pelvis. The renal medulla forms the innermost portion of the kidney tissue that accounts for around two third of the kidney structure. It accounts for a radially striated layer. It is arranged into pyramid like structures and consists of the loop of Henley, collecting tubules, vasa rectae, venula rectae, and the medullary capillary plexus.

Question 4

Which of the following substances is not normally allowed to pass through the filtration membrane?

A) amino acids
B) albumin
C) glucose
D) urea

Question 5

Explain how the peritubular capillaries reabsorb substances.

Question 6

Conical structures in the renal medulla are called

A) calyces
B) nephrons
C) renal pelvises
D) pyramids

Question 7

Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus make up the

A) renal corpuscle
B) renal papilla
C) renal pyramid
D) loop of Henle

Question 8

Which of the following is not the normal function of the urinary system?

A) elimination of organic wastes
B) secretion of excess glucose molecules
C) regulation of blood volume
D) regulation of plasma concentrations of electrolytes

Question 9

Describe tubular secretion.

Question 10

Which of the following segments of the nephron is horseshoe-shaped?

A) minor calyx
B) collecting duct
C) loop of Henle
D) proximal convoluted tubule

Question 11

The portion of the nephron nearest to the renal corpuscle is the

A) loop of Henle
B) collecting duct
C) distal convoluted tubule
D) proximal convoluted tubule

Question 12

Which of the following hormones is secreted from the kidneys?

A) erythropoietin
B) aldosterone
C) thymosin
D) prolactin

Question 13

Describe the effects of antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide in the kidneys.

Question 14

The bladder's internal floor has a triangular area called the

A) mucous coat
B) detrusor muscle
C) urethral gland
D) trigone

Question 15

The process of filtration occurs at

A) the collecting duct
B) the loop of Henle
C) glomerulus
D) the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 16

Explain the processes of urine formation.

Question 17

Which of the following portions of the nephron is able to concentrate urine?

A) collecting duct
B) loop of Henle
C) proximal convoluted tubule
D) urinary bladder

Question 18

Describe renal clearance.

Question 19

Which of the following types of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?

A) pseudostratified columnar
B) stratified squamous
C) simple cuboidal
D) transitional

Question 20

A 35-year-old man who was born with one kidney was brought to the emergency department after a severe car accident. He was diagnosed with hypovolemic shock.
A person must have at least one functioning kidney to survive. Why do you believe a person cannot live without kidneys?

Question 21

Explain how the urinary bladder anatomy supports its storage functions.

Question 22

Describe the structures of the nephron.

Question 23

When antidiuretic hormone level in the blood increases,

A) less urine is produced
B) more urine is produced
C) more salt is removed from the urine
D) less water is reabsorbed from the collecting duct

Question 24

Which of the following is not a part of the urinary system?

A) kidney
B) gallbladder
C) ureter
D) urethra

Question 25

Define micturition, and describe the micturition reflex.

Question 26

A 35-year-old man who was born with one kidney was brought to the emergency department after a severe car accident. He was diagnosed with hypovolemic shock.
During hypovolemic shock, how does the body regulate blood pressure?

Question 27

The glomerulus is located within the

A) renal capsule
B) renal pelvis
C) renal corpuscle
D) renal tubule