Deck 14: Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT true concerning phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A)It is now detected through a blood test shortly after birth.
B)It is caused by an autosomal recessive gene.
C)It is a metabolic disorder.
D)It occurs in approximately 1in 100-500 live births in North America.
E)It results in an inactive liver enzyme,leading to intellectual disability.

Answer 1

It occurs in approximately 1in 100-500 live births in North America.

Question 2

Diagnosis of intellectual disability requires

A)significant deficits in IQ.
B)significant deficits in adaptive functioning.
C)significant deficits in IQ and one area of adaptive functioning.
D)significant deficits in IQ and two areas of adaptive functioning.
E)significant deficits in IQ and daily living skills.

Answer 2

significant deficits in IQ and two areas of adaptive functioning.

Question 3

According to the 1983 American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR)definition,intellectual disability refers to significantly subaverage intellectual functioning accompanied by

A)limitations in two or more areas of adaptive behaviour (such as self-care).
B)having at least one relative with an IQ below average.
C)reading difficulties.
D)having at least one parent with an IQ below average.

Answer 3

limitations in two or more areas of adaptive behaviour (such as self-care).

Question 4

Prenatal screening for chromosomal abnormalities is possible through; this procedure is conducted between theweeks of pregnancy.

A)amniocentesis; 8th and 11th
B)amniocentesis; 11th and 18th
C)ultrasound; 11th and 18th
D)ultrasound; 8th and 11th
E)amniocentesis; 10th and 12th

Question 5

Which of the following is not a metabolic disorder?

A)Tay-Sach's disease
B)Gaucher's disease
C)Hurler's syndrome
D)hyperammonemia
E)congenital hypothyroidism

Question 6

The three chromosomal abnormalities that cause Down's syndrome are:

A)trisomy 21 ; translocation ; mosaicism
B)trisomy 23 ; translocation ; mosaicism
C)trisomy 21 ; translocation ; Fragile X
D)trisomy 23 ; translocation ; Fragile X
E)trisomy 23 ; mosaicism ; Fragile X

Question 7

The three domains of adaptive skills used by the AAMR in the definition of intellectual disability today are

A)conceptual,social,and practical.
B)social,intellectual,and conceptual.
C)cognitive,social,and emotional.
D)behavioural,social,and emotional.
E)cognitive,social,and practical.

Question 8

The changes that have been made to diagnosis of mental retardation in DSM-5 include

A)replacing the term with intellectual developmental disorder; reduced emphasis on IQ; increase emphasis on cultural issues and adaptive behaviour.
B)replacing the term with mental developmental disorder; reduced emphasis on IQ; increase emphasis on cultural issues and adaptive behaviour.
C)replacing the term with intellectual developmental disorder; increased emphasis on cultural issues and adaptive behaviour.
D)replacing the term with intellectual developmental disorder; reduced emphasis on IQ.
E)reduced emphasis on IQ; increase emphasis on cultural issues and adaptive behaviour.

Question 9

The Adaptive Behaviour Assessment System (ABAS)is particularly useful for assessing the adaptive skills of people aged

A)0-12.
B)7-18.
C)5-89.
D)5-15.
E)18-25.

Question 10

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,the view that intellectual disability was inherited was emphasized.At the same time,themovement called for measures such as sterilization and restriction of marriage.

A)eugenics
B)moral
C)sanctity
D)purity
E)humane

Question 11

Stereotypy refers to

A)misunderstandings applied to persons with neurodevelopmental disorders.
B)repetition of meaningless and non-functional gestures or movements.
C)the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders.
D)behaviours that are used to diagnose Downs Syndrome.
E)behaviours present in FASD.

Question 12

The choice of cutoff IQ scores for the diagnosis of intellectual disability

A)has changed from two standard deviations below the mean to an IQ score of 85.
B)has remained at two standard deviations below the mean.
C)has changed from two standard deviations below the mean to an IQ score of 60.
D)has remained at three standard deviations below the mean.
E)has changed from two standard deviations below the mean to an IQ score of 75.

Question 13

The damaging effects of PKU can be

A)mostly prevented with a diet that contains no nuts or soy products.
B)reversed somewhat with a diet that is high in essential amino acids.
C)mostly prevented with a diet high in essential amino acids.
D)reversed with a diet that is high in lysine and glutamine.
E)mostly prevented with a diet that contains no phenylalanine.

Question 14

In North America,the termis used to refer to normal intelligence with specific learning problems (such as reading),while in Britain it refers to mental handicap.

A)intellectual disability
B)neurodevelopmental disability
C)neurodevelopmental handicap
D)intellectual ability
E)learning disability

Question 15

In Canada,the preferred term is,whereas in the United States,the term most often used is,although the two are often used interchangeably.

A)intellectual disability; learning disability
B)intellectual disability; mental retardation
C)intellectual disability; developmental handicap
D)intellectual disability; learning ability
E)mental handicap; developmental disability

Question 16

Though dominant inheritance of intellectual disability is very rare,the text mentions two disorders transmitted in this manner.Which of the following is such a disorder?

A)phenylketonuria
B)Fragile X syndrome
C)tuberous sclerosis
D)galactosemia
E)Tay-Sach's disease

Question 17

Approximatelypercent of neurodevelopmental disabilities associated with severe intellectual disabilities have genetic causes.

A)5
B)25
C)10
D)45
E)60

Question 18

The best known chromosomal abnormality associated with intellectual disability is
The most common type of this abnormality is.

A)Fragile X syndrome; trisomy 21
B)Tay-Sachs disease; trisomy 21
C)Down syndrome; trisomy 23
D)Tay-Sachs disease; trisomy 23
E)Down syndrome; trisomy 21

Question 19

Research concerning maternal drinking during pregnancy indicates that

A)binge drinking and moderate drinking over a longer period of time are equally damaging.
B)moderate drinking over a longer period may be more damaging than binge drinking.
C)the effects of binge drinking depend on the type of beverage consumed by the mother.
D)neither binge drinking nor moderate drinking over a longer period of time have an effect on the fetus.
E)binge drinking may be more damaging than moderate drinking over a longer period.

Question 20

In the twentieth century,new initiatives concerning the developmentally delayed were stimulated by the interest shown by U.S.President,who had a sister with a neurodevelopmental disability.

A)John F.Kennedy
B)Lyndon B.Johnson
C)Jimmy Carter
D)Richard Nixon
E)George Bush

Question 21

Fetal alcohol syndrome is found inper1000 live births.

A)1 to 3
B)5 to 10
C)10 to 15
D)20 to 30
E)40 to 50

Question 22

Ames (1992)conducted a longitudinal study of Romanian infants who had spent varying amounts of time in orphanages.Which of the following is NOT one of the findings of this research?

A)Approximately three years after adoption over half of the children adopted at an older age were not yet ready for the school grade appropriate to their age.
B)The children who had been in the orphanage the longest had the lowest IQs.
C)Orphans who entered an infant development program after adoption were found to progress rapidly.
D)All of the children at time of adoption were found to be delayed in intelligence.
E)Almost 80% of the children at time of adoption were found to be delayed in gross and fine motor skills.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT associated with Down syndrome?

A)congenital heart disease
B)poor muscle tone
C)kidney abnormalities
D)congenital cataracts
E)gastrointestinal abnormalities

Question 24

Neurodevelopmental disorders occur inpercent of children with HIV who do not receive appropriate treatment.

A)10-15
B)20-25
C)50
D)65-70
E)75-90

Question 25

Adults with Down syndrome are at high risk for

A)Parkinson-like dementia.
B)lung cancer.
C)schizophrenia.
D)Alzheimer-type dementia.
E)Huntington's disease.

Question 26

Perceiving deviant behaviours to be a function of a neurodevelopmental disorder is called

A)dual diagnosis.
B)oversight.
C)diagnostic overshadowing.
D)diagnostic oversight.
E)overshadowing.

Question 27

The findings of the Romanian adoption study are most consistent with the idea that

A)children appear to inherit low intelligence from their parents.
B)early environmental factors shape intelligence,mental,and physical health.
C)intelligence is affected by peer social influences in middle childhood.
D)intelligence is multi-faceted and very difficult to predict.
E)adaptive skills,but not intelligence,are strongly affected by the early environment.

Question 28

In recent years,many educational programs for people with neurodevelopmental disorders have focused on developing social skills and independent living skills.These programs often useapproaches.

A)social learning
B)operant conditioning
C)classical conditioning
D)paired-associate conditioning
E)modelling

Question 29

In approximately% of people diagnosed as having a neurodevelopmental disorder,no organic cause or brain dysfunction has been identified.

A)75
B)40
C)90
D)25
E)60

Question 30

Estimates of the prevalence rates of dual diagnosis (co-occurrence of behavioural or psychiatric disorders in people with developmental disabilities)range from

A)10-70%.
B)50-60%.
C)70-80%.
D)5-10%.
E)20-25%.

Question 31

Males withshow a particular pattern of cognitive functioning: a weakness in sequential processing of information but strengths in simultaneous,holistic processing.

A)phenylketonuria
B)Tay-Sachs disease
C)Fragile X syndrome
D)Turner's syndrome
E)Down syndrome

Question 32

,a drug prescribed by European physicians in the 1950s and 1960s for nausea,was found to cause limb deficiencies or malformations in infants.

A)Dilantin
B)Acetaminophen
C)Mellaril
D)Thalidomide
E)Benadryl

Question 33

A recent survey of women with intellectual disability living in community residences indicated that betweenpercent had been sexually assaulted.

A)75-80
B)65-70
C)45-50
D)85-95
E)25-30

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT an "essential daily ingredient" for the development of young children as expressed by Ramey and Ramey in their summary of early intervention studies?

A)a half hour of appropriate educational television
B)encouragement of exploration
C)guided rehearsal and extension of new skills
D)rich and responsive language environment
E)reinforcement of developmental achievements

Question 35

Prematurity as well as prolonged or complicated labour and delivery can result in developmental problems including:

A)FASD,Down's Syndrome,and Tay-Sach's.
B)FASD and Tay-Sach's.
C)visual deficits,cerebral palsy,speech and learning difficulties.
D)chorionic villus,phenylketonuria,and Tay-Sach's.
E)Down's Syndrom and Tay-Sach's.

Question 36

A recent Canadian survey of aberrant behaviour among children,adolescents and adults with neurodevelopmental disorders found clinically significant aberrant behaviour in roughlypercent of children as well as adolescents and adults.

A)100
B)25
C)75
D)50
E)90

Question 37

Which of the following was NOT a finding of a recent Canadian survey of aberrant behaviour among children,adolescents and adults with neurodevelopmental disorders?

A)The frequency of problem behaviours did not vary according to sex.
B)The frequency of problem behaviours diminished with age.
C)One of the most frequently reported behaviours was pica (eating inedible substances).
D)Aggression and depression were the most common psychological problems reported in the older group.
E)The type and intensity of behaviour varied according to the degree of disability,age,and sex of the child.

Question 38

The co-occurrence of serious behavioural or psychiatric disorders in people with developmental disabilities has been labelled.

A)co-diagnosis
B)comorbidity
C)dual occurrence
D)co-prevalence
E)dual diagnosis

Question 39

is/are the most common hereditary cause of intellectual disability.

A)Fragile X syndrome
B)Phenylketonuria
C)Tay-Sachs disease
D)Lesch-Nyhan disease
E)Down syndrome

Question 40

Evaluative reviews of early intervention and prevention programs indicate all of the following EXCEPT

A)significant improvement in intellectual performance and academic achievement.
B)prevention of behavioural challenges.
C)greater engagement and social competence.
D)lack of preparation for inclusive education and community experience.
E)independence and mastery.

Question 41

Katie is a baby who stiffens or screams in response to being held by her parents.This behaviour is most likely a sign of which disorder?

A)autism spectrum disorder
B)pervasive developmental disorder
C)Tay-Sachs disease
D)childhood schizophrenia
E)Fragile X syndrome

Question 42

In terms of the AIMS,traditional institutional care could be considered (as discussed in the acculturation framework).

A)normalization
B)segregation
C)assimilation
D)integration
E)marginalization

Question 43

The AIMS is an outcome measure designed to measure different levels of
Of the developmentally disabled.

A)assimilation
B)marginalization
C)normalization
D)integration
E)segregation

Question 44

With regard to diagnosis of autism and Asperger's Disorder,the DSM-5

A)created a new subtype of PDD for Asperger's disorder.
B)included both in a diagnostic category termed autism spectrum disorder.
C)created a diagnostic category for high functioning autism.
D)created a category for high functioning Asperger's disorder.
E)added the criterion that language skills must be delayed for both disorders.

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT included in the acculturation framework?

A)segregation
B)assimilation
C)integration
D)ostracization
E)marginalization

Question 46

Autistic children,rather than referring to themselves as I,often refer to themselves as "he" or "she." This behaviour is referred to as

A)echolalia.
B)repetitious verbal mimicking.
C)ego dysfunction.
D)pronoun reversal.
E)dystonia.

Question 47

Evidence suggests that an effective predictor of outcome among people with autism spectrum disorder is

A)an IQ of 70.
B)an IQ above 95.
C)the absence of significant psychiatric problems.
D)the development of fluent speech by age 5.
E)the absence of epilepsy or sensory impairments.

Question 48

A small proportion of autistic people display exceptional behaviour in certain areas,such as mathematics or music.These individuals are referred to as

A)savants.
B)autists.
C)idiots.
D)excepts.
E)special.

Question 49

Though the etiology of Rett's syndrome is not known,it is thought to be related to

A)a hormonal problem.
B)an environmental problem.
C)a metabolic problem.
D)a social problem.
E)a genetic problem.

Question 50

Kathy believes that the lives of individuals with disabilities should be as normal as possible.She is working by what has been called theprinciple,introduced in Scandinavia by Bengt Nirje.

A)ordinary
B)similarity
C)normalization
D)regular
E)contact

Question 51

Autism spectrum disorder was first identified as a childhood disorder by

A)John Watson.
B)Steven Garner.
C)Sigmund Freud.
D)Aaron Beck
E)Leo Kanner.

Question 52

Tim is an autistic child who frequently repeats his mother's phrases,using the same or similar intonation.This behaviour is referred to as

A)repetitious verbal mimicking.
B)dystonia.
C)echolalia.
D)imitation.
E)pronoun reversal.

Question 53

Autism spectrum disorder occurs

A)twice as often in females as in males.
B)three to four times as often in females as in males.
C)twice as often in males as in females.
D)only in males.
E)three to four times as often in males as in females.

Question 54

Rett syndrome affects

A)males and females equally.
B)younger males,but older females.
C)adult males and both child and adult females.
D)primarily females.
E)primarily males.

Question 55

For education,volunteer activity,and employment,results of a study using the AIMS Interview found the most frequently occurring category to be

A)segregation.
B)normalization.
C)marginalization.
D)integration.
E)assimilation.

Question 56

approaches are generally the intervention of choice for maladaptive behaviours such as aggression and self injury.

A)Behavioural
B)Cognitive
C)Medical
D)Psychodynamic
E)Existential

Question 57

Approximately% of autistic children are mute.

A)10
B)80
C)40
D)50
E)60

Question 58

The influence of theprinciple has contributed to theof thousands of people living with disabilities.

A)regularity; deinstitutionalization
B)regularity; ostracizing
C)contact; normalization
D)normalization; ostracizing
E)normalization; deinstitutionalization

Question 59

While issues such as deinstitutionalization were major issues in the 1970s and 1980s,according to the text the focus shifted in the 1990s to

A)studying normalization.
B)examining mainstreaming.
C)reducing marginalization.
D)reinstituting institutionalization.
E)evaluating quality of life.

Question 60

Rett's syndrome is distinguishable from autism spectrum disorder by which characteristic?

A)Speech problems
B)Repetitive hand wringing
C)Lack of social responsiveness
D)Self-injurious behaviour
E)Screaming

Question 61

Some persons diagnosed with intellectual disability have significantly below-average IQ yet display normal adaptive functioning.

Question 62

Which of the following has NOT been found as evidence in favour of a biological theory of autism spectrum disorder?

A)The brains of people with autism spectrum disorder have been found to smaller and lighter.
B)About 30% of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder have epileptic seizures.
C)Abnormal levels of serotonin are found in 30-50% of autistic children.
D)Symptoms of autism spectrum disorder appear in all cultures.
E)A history of prenatal infection and problems during pregnancy are fairly common among mothers of autistic children.

Question 63

Karen is taking her son David for an assessment concerning a potential diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder.They are most likely to be assessed by a

A)speech and language specialist.
B)psychiatrist.
C)multidisciplinary team.
D)social worker.
E)psychologist.

Question 64

Research findings about the etiology of learning disorders are inconclusive,but according to the text it is generally believed that

A)psychological causes may be implicated.
B)biological causes may be implicated.
C)neither biological nor psychological causes are likely to be implicated.
D)biological causes may be implicated,but secondary to psychological causes.
E)both biological and psychological causes may be implicated.

Question 65

The most controversial and least understood of all of the learning disorder subtypes is

A)impairment of reading
B)autism spectrum disorder.
C)impairment of written expression.
D)impairment of mathematics.
E)Asperger disorder.

Question 66

The Stanford Binet Scale is an assessment of adaptive behaviour.

Question 67

The Weschler IQ test is the most appropriate IQ test to use for the assessment of intellectual disability.

Question 68

Research on facilitated communication (FC)training has shown that the initial success stories of this technique were really based on the

A)ouija board effect.
B)nocebo effect.
C)placebo effect.
D)facilitator effect.
E)abdication effect.

Question 69

In sex-linked inheritance,the abnormal gene is carried on the X chromosome.

Question 70

Thehypothesis of autism spectrum disorder focused on family characteristics.

A)psychodynamic
B)biological
C)medical
D)psychogenic
E)social

Question 71

Impaitment of mathematics is also known as

A)dyscalculia.
B)dysalgebra.
C)dystonia.
D)dyslexia.
E)dysgraphia.

Question 72

Theandhypothesis are the two major hypotheses concerning the etiology of autism spectrum disorder.

A)psychodynamic; psychogenic
B)biogenic; environmental
C)psychogenic; biological
D)social; emotional
E)environmental; psychogenic

Question 73

therapy appears to be very effective in treating many of the problems associated with developmental disabilities and autism spectrum disorder.

A)Cognitive-Behavioural
B)Behaviour
C)Interpersonal
D)Cognitive
E)Psychodynamic

Question 74

Which of the following drugs was NOT mentioned by the text as having been used in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder?

A)Resperidone
B)Valium
C)Naltrexone
D)haloperidol
E)methylphenidate

Question 75

All of the following are examples of learning disorders EXCEPT

A)impairment of written expression.
B)impairment in mathematics.
C)athletic disorders.
D)social (pragmatic)communication disorder.
E)impairment in reading.

Question 76

Inheriting intellectual disability through dominant inheritance is common.

Question 77

Translocation and mosaicism are two other causes of Down syndrome.

Question 78

The Dementia Scale for Down Syndrome (DSDS)was developed to detect and rate the severity of dementia among people who are not verbal and who cannot follow test instructions.

Question 79

People who function intellectually within the mild range of intellectual disability are found more frequently within lower socioeconomic groups.

Question 80

Shaywitz et al.(2008)have argued that we can identify children who are struggling with reading as early as age

A)1 or 2.
B)2 or 3.
C)3 or 4.
D)4 or 5.
E)5 or 6.