Deck 1: Ecology of the Child

Question 1

According to Handel, Cahill & Elkin (2007), socialization occurs

A) By means of communication.
B) Through interactions with significant others.
C) In emotionally significant contexts.
D) All answers are correct

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to your text, a common concern in the United States today is

A) The "loss" of childhood.
B) The use of children for heavy labor.
C) The lack of separate laws governing child punishment and adult punishment.
D) Child death and disease.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The process of socialization begins

A) At birth.
B) Before birth.
C) At school-age.
D) After birth.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to Aries, children were treated as "miniature adults" during which historical period?

A) Before the Renaissance
B) During the Industrial Revolution
C) In the 21st Century
D) During the Great Depression

Question 5

Samantha is generally in a positive mood, has regular rhythms, and can adapt to change with ease. Which temperament style does Samantha exhibit?

A) Easy
B) Difficult
C) Slow-to-Warm-Up
D) Unclassified

Question 6

The total composite of hereditary instructions coded in the genes at the moment of conception is one's

A) Identity.
B) Genotype.
C) Exosystem.
D) Chronosystem.

Question 7

Which of the following forces affect how children are socialized?

A) Demographics
B) Economics
C) Politics
D) All answers are correct

Question 8

Which of the following is true?

A) Children absorb the verbal as well as the nonverbal cues of others.
B) Intentional socialization can end up being unintentional.
C) Much of socialization takes place spontaneously during human interactions.
D) All statements are true

Question 9

The process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, and character traits that enable them to participate as effective members of groups and society is called

A) Socialization.
B) Maturation.
C) Temperament.
D) Revolution.

Question 10

"Socialization as a reciprocal process" refers to the idea that

A) When individuals interact, a response in one individual usually elicits a response in the other.
B) Both mothers and fathers are important in the lives of children.
C) Children are socialized by many people; many people are important in their lives.
D) Human interactions change over time.

Question 11

An adult tells a six-year old to share a toy with a four-year-old sibling. This is an example of what kind of socialization?

A) Intentional
B) Unintentional
C) Private
D) Challenging

Question 12

The difficult child has what kind of response?

A) Intense
B) Mild
C) Indifferent
D) Adaptable

Question 13

Children are socialized by

A) Parents.
B) Friends.
C) Characters in movies and books.
D) All answers are correct

Question 14

"Outputs" of socialization include all but which of the following?

A) Values
B) Attitudes
C) Socialization interactions
D) Self-esteem

Question 15

Genetic prewiring which motivates a person to seek out compatible environments is called

A) Active.
B) Passive.
C) Language-rich.
D) Responsive.

Question 16

A happy sociable child is more likely to engage others in social activities than a moody, shy child. This is an example of a:

A) Passive genotype-environment interaction.
B) Active genotype-environment interaction.
C) Evocative genotype-environment interaction.
D) None of these responses.

Question 17

Kochanska (1995, 1997) found gentle parenting techniques were _________ effective in getting timid children than assertive children to comply.

A) Less
B) More
C) About the same
D) No answers apply

Question 18

The process by which externally controlled behavior shifts to internally controlled, or self-controlled, behavior is

A) Internalization.
B) Socialization.
C) Reciprocal connection.
D) Cultural change.

Question 19

Instruction, feedback, and reinforcement are all examples of

A) Socialization variables considered "input."
B) Socialization variables considered "outputs."
C) Attachment.
D) Direct change.

Question 20

In Walden Two, children were given alternate strategies to avoid

A) Temptation.
B) Using drugs and alcohol.
C) Losing a baseball game.
D) Child abuse.

Question 21

The socializing agent that is thought to have the most significant impact on a child's development is

A) Family.
B) Parent's work.
C) Macrosystem.
D) Media.

Question 22

The relationships between family and school are part of the

A) Microsystem.
B) Macrosystem.
C) Mesosytem.
D) Esosystem.

Question 23

An example of a chronosystem is

A) Changes in computer technology over time.
B) The physical changes of puberty.
C) Increases in school violence over time.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 24

Socializing agents generally aim to prepare children for both

A) Stability and change.
B) Trust and mistrust.
C) Abuse and neglect.
D) The past and the present.

Question 25

A low-context macrosystem is characterized by _________; whereas a high-context macrosystem is characterized by _________.

A) Competition; Cooperation
B) Rationality; Intuitiveness
C) Progress; Tradition
D) All answers are correct

Question 26

The bioecological model

A) Can accommodate other theories.
B) Was developed by Bronfenbrenner.
C) Provides a "whole picture" of the developing child.
D) All answers are correct

Question 27

An organized set of statements that explain observations, integrates different facts or events, and predicts future outcomes is called a(n)

A) Theory.
B) Adaptation.
C) System.
D) Event.

Question 28

All of the following are part of the microsystem except

A) School.
B) Peer Group.
C) Family.
D) Religion.

Question 29

Which of the following proposed a stage theory describing cognitive development in childhood?

A) Piaget
B) Bronfenbrenner
C) Aries
D) Woods

Question 30

The media differs from the community in that

A) The media is not a small, interactive setting.
B) Children cannot interact with any media types.
C) Children cannot learn attitudes and values from the media.
D) All answers are correct

Question 31

Compared to members of low-context macrosystems, members of high-context macrosystems are more likely to

A) Try to control nature.
B) Expect personal freedom.
C) Follow traditional role expectations.
D) Have fragmented social relationships.

Question 32

According to your text, people differ in their unconscious assumptions about

A) Personal space.
B) Time.
C) Interpersonal relations.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 33

The family offers the child his/her first opportunities to

A) Experience nurturance.
B) Observe models of behavior.
C) Experience language.
D) All answers are correct

Question 34

The microsystem in which children formally learn about their society is

A) Family.
B) Peer group.
C) School.
D) Community

Question 35

Micro is to exo as

A) Small is to outside.
B) Big is to little.
C) Responsive is to nonresponsive.
D) Small is too big.

Question 36

An example of an exosystem is

A) A parent's job.
B) An elementary school.
C) The relationship between family and school.
D) A peer group.

Question 37

Kevin and Jai are parents raising their infant daughter Kelli. Kevin and Jai are best described as part of Kelli's

A) Microsystem.
B) Exosystem.
C) Macrosystem.
D) Chronosystem.

Question 38

Exosystems affect children

A) Indirectly.
B) Directly.
C) Through the school only.
D) No answers are correct; Exosystems do not affect children.

Question 39

According to your text, systems of government in the United States are shifting from what to what?

A) Maternalistic to paternalistic.
B) Paternalistic policies to policies of empowerment.
C) Egalitarian to robust.
D) Mesosystems to macrosystems.

Question 40

When what is said is more important than who said it, the system is most likely a(n)

A) Low-context microsystem.
B) High-context macrosystem.
C) Low-context macrosystem.
D) Elemental system.

Question 41

According to your text, the idea that change is good would be likely to be found in a _________-context macrosystem.

Question 42

The family, school and community are part of the _________ according to Bronfenbrenner.

Question 43

Living in harmony with nature would be stressed in a _________ -context macrosystem.

Question 44

According to Bronfenbrenner, a community's school board is an example of a(n) _________.

Question 45

A happy, sociable child is more likely to engage others in social activities than is a moody, shy child. This is an example of what type of genotype-environment interaction? _________

Question 46

When an official makes a decision based on statistics related to poverty, he/she is likely using which kind of indicator?

A) Economic circumstance
B) Behavior
C) Education
D) Housing

Question 47

The _________ refers to linkages and interrelationships between two or more of a person's microsystems.

Question 48

When an adult reminds a child to write a thank you note to Grandma, this is an example of _________ socialization.

Question 49

Bronfenbrenner's model is called the _________ model of human development.

Question 50

Prior to the development of the printing press, infancy ended at age _________.

Question 51

The No Child Left Behind Act is an example of

A) A microsystem.
B) A high-context macrosystem.
C) A social shift in responsibility from one system to another.
D) Information intermediary.

Question 52

The peer group is part of which system in Bronfenbrenner's model? _________

Question 53

All but which is a true regarding socialization?

A) Socialization begins in adolescence.
B) Socialization continues throughout life.
C) Socialization is a reciprocal process.
D) Socialization is a dynamic process.

Question 54

Values, morals, motives, and self-esteem are all examples of _________ as it relates to the socialization process.

Question 55

Rationality and practicality are characteristic of a _________-context macrosystem.

Question 56

The science of interrelationships between organisms and their environments is termed _________.

Question 57

_________ refers to an ascribed attribute of membership in a group in which members identify themselves by national origin, culture, race, or religion.

Question 58

Media is part of the _________ according to Brofenbrenner.

Question 59

A celebrity is an example of a(n)

A) Microsystem.
B) High-context macrosystem.
C) Social shift in responsibility from one group to another.
D) Information intermediary.

Question 60

_________ refers to developmental changes associated with the biological process of aging

Question 61

When a strong authority takes care of less able citizens, this is called _________.

Question 62

At what point in development does socialization begin? _________

Question 63

Describe how the mesosystem differs from the macrosystem.

Question 64

Compare and contrast intentional socialization with unintentional socialization and give examples.

Question 65

_________ refers to temporal changes in ecological systems or within individuals, producing new conditions that affect development.

Question 66

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2004 requires children take _________ tests.

Question 67

According to Bronfenbrenner, school violence is an example of something found in which system?_________

Question 68

A principle or action based on the belief that any individual can learn to care for him or herself is called _________.

Question 69

Write an essay contrasting childhood during the Industrial Revolution with childhood today.

Question 70

Compare and contrast the different types of microsystems, providing examples of how each impacts development.

Question 71

Frozen embryos are an example of a societal trend in the area of _________.

Question 72

The process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, and character traits that enable them to participate as effective members of society is known as _________.

Question 73

The innate characteristics that determine an individual's sensitivity to various experiences and responsiveness to patterns of social interaction collectively are called _________.

Question 74

Explain the systems found in Bronfenbrenner's model and give examples.

Question 75

Compare an easy child with one who is slow-to-warm up using the five aspects of temperamental quality found in the text.

Question 76

Imagine you are providing inservice training for newly-recruited Peace Corps volunteers. Write a speech explaining the difference(s) between high-context and low-context macrosystems.

Question 77

Imagine you are giving a speech entitled Changes in Society Today and How They Affect Children and Families. Describe what you will say.

Question 78

Use the concept of passive genotype-environment interaction to explain a child's musical and/or artistic abilities. Explain how passive genotype-environment interactions are different from evocative or active.

Question 79

Imagine you are part of a debate team. Your position for the debate is to argue that children play a role in their own socialization. Describe what you will say.