Deck 2: Ecology of Socialization

Question 1

The ability to control one's impulses, behavior, and/or emotions until an appropriate time is available for expression is called

A) Ambition.
B) Self-regulation.
C) Identity.
D) Self-esteem.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The socializing agent of which the function is to provide information about the world and oneself from a perspective other than that of the family is:

A) The media
B) The peer group
C) The family
D) The community

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Interactions in a community are influenced by

A) Size of the community.
B) Stability of the population.
C) Mobility patterns.
D) All answers are correct.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A child's peer group consists of individuals who are

A) Approximately the same age.
B) Approximately the same social status.
C) Have common interests.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 5

Generally children begin to form a self-concept around

A) 6 - 9 months of age.
B) 9 - 12 months of age.
C) 12 - 15 months of age.
D) 15 - 18 months of age.

Question 6

Reciprocal interactions within peer groups begin about age

A) 2 months.
B) 3 years.
C) 7 years.
D) 11 years.

Question 7

Achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, searching moratorium, and diffusion are all statuses in the development of

A) Friendship.
B) Identity.
C) Communication.
D) Attachment.

Question 8

The function of the community is to provide a sense of

A) Belonging.
B) Friendship.
C) Socialization.
D) All of the above choices.

Question 9

Which orientation emphasizes affiliation, cooperation and interpersonal relations?

A) Collectivist
B) Individualist
C) Developmental
D) Regulatory

Question 10

The media differs from other socializing agents because

A) It does not ordinarily involve direct personal interaction.
B) It does not interact with other socializing agents.
C) It has minimal effect on children's socialization process.
D) It is more easily controlled.

Question 11

According to Erikson, the major task of infancy is to develop a sense of

A) Autonomy.
B) Trust.
C) Industry.
D) Egocentrism.

Question 12

The last of Erikson's stages is

A) Generativity vs. Self-Absorption
B) Integrity vs. Despair
C) Accommodation vs. Assimilation
D) Development vs. Change

Question 13

According to Kagicibasi (1996), which kind of family patterns and socialization practices stress family loyalty, intergenerational dependency, control and obedience?

A) Interdependent
B) Independent
C) Authoritarian
D) Learner-Centered

Question 14

Which socializing agent bears the major responsibility for socializing the child?

A) The family
B) The school
C) The community
D) The peer group

Question 15

Which socializing agent has the purpose to perpetuate society's knowledge, skills, customs and beliefs?

A) The peer group
B) The family
C) The media
D) The school

Question 16

Which coping style is associated with "doing" and "getting things done"?

A) Active
B) Passive
C) Futuristic
D) Open

Question 17

When an 18-month-old throws a temper tantrum because he can't have a cookie, he is demonstrating that he has not yet developed

A) A self-concept.
B) Self-regulation.
C) Self-esteem.
D) A secure attachment.

Question 18

Socialization processes are influenced by all of the following factors except:

A) Cognitive.
B) Sociocultural.
C) Biological.
D) Interactive.

Question 19

According to Erikson, young adults aged 18 years and older are working on which developmental task?

A) Trust vs. Mistrust
B) Intimacy vs. Isolation
C) Identity vs. Identity diffusion
D) Assimilation vs. Accommodation

Question 20

According to your text, research indicates Euro-American children are likely to _________ than Latino or Asian children.

A) Have more egalitarian attitudes toward authority
B) Have less egalitarian attitudes toward authority
C) Be more obedient toward authority
D) All answers are correct

Question 21

Which of the following best describes inductive reasoning?

A) Particular to the general
B) Large to the small
C) General to the specific
D) Particular to the particular

Question 22

Rachael learned the cans at her school were being thrown away with the rest of the trash. Rachael organized a campaign to make her school more earth-friendly by dividing the trash into recyclable and non-recyclable materials. Rachael is

A) Engaging in advocacy.
B) Displaying egocentrism.
C) Working on issues of intimacy vs. isolation.
D) Showing a permissive style.

Question 23

Modeling helps children

A) Learn complicated behavior by observing it.
B) Develop new ways of behaving in situation they have not previously experienced.
C) Learn appropriate social behavior vicariously.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 24

An approving nod, a questioning look, and a reminder are all examples of

A) Praise.
B) Feedback.
C) Extinction.
D) Insecure attachment.

Question 25

Mary is a teacher who likes to use lots of praise in her classroom. Which of the following best describes the principle Mary is using?

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Extinction
D) Punishment

Question 26

Observational learning differs from cognitive learning in that observational learning is more likely to emphasize

A) Modeling.
B) Collaborating.
C) Reasoning.
D) None of the answers are correct.

Question 27

In order for punishment to be effective, it needs to be

A) Close to the time of the behaviors.
B) Accompanied by an explanation.
C) Consistently applied.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 28

Positive reinforcement refers to a consequence being _________; whereas negative reinforcement refers to a consequence being _________.

A) Given; terminated
B) Terminated; given
C) A stimulus; a response
D) First; Last

Question 29

Emanuel is trying to get his daughter to stop biting her nails. His plan is to ignore his daughter's nail biting, but praise her every ten-minute interval in which she does not bite her nails. Gradually, Emanuel plans to lengthen the amount of time between praise. If Emanuel succeeds, the disappearance of nail biting would be considered

A) Extinction.
B) Punishment.
C) Negative Reinforcement.
D) Modeling.

Question 30

According to your text, children first begin to think less intuitively and more concretely around age

A) 1 year.
B) 3 years.
C) 5 years.
D) 7 years.

Question 31

When a teacher gives explanations or causes for an act, this is called

A) Reasoning.
B) Negative reinforcement.
C) Extinction.
D) Observational learning.

Question 32

Baby Miranda is learning she can make a noise by banging two lids together. Which of the following best describes what the lids are helping Miranda develop?

A) Her sense of self-efficacy
B) Her cultural identity
C) Her sociocentrism
D) All answers are correct

Question 33

Allowing a child to leave his room when he stops a temper tantrum is an example of

A) Positive reinforcement.
B) Negative reinforcement.
C) Shaping.
D) Cognition.

Question 34

"I can't hit Kyle; therefore I can't hit any other children" is an example of

A) Inductive reasoning.
B) Deductive reasoning.
C) Trust vs. Mistrust.
D) Punishment.

Question 35

According to your text, the reason children try behaviors they see on television is:

A) Television removes an unpleasant stimulus; Children are eager to try this.
B) Children like the collaborative (group process) aspects of television.
C) Television provides an opportunity for generativity.
D) Children see individuals being rewarded on television.

Question 36

Which method of socialization involves feeling or emotions such love, anger, fear, or disgust?

A) Observational
B) Cognitive
C) Affective
D) Apprenticeship

Question 37

John's Boy Scout troop invited their neighbors to give a presentation about different occupational choices (careers). This is an example of socialization at what level?

A) The school
B) The family
C) The community
D) The mass media

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of punishment as a technique?

A) Punishment is not effective.
B) Punishing a child does not show him/her what correct or desired behavior looks like.
C) Children model what they see.
D) The emotional side effects of punishment may be more damaging than the child's original behavior.

Question 39

Standards for a child's behavior are set by

A) Parents.
B) Peer group.
C) Teacher.
D) All of the above.

Question 40

Kylie is receiving inconsistent care from her mother. According to your text, Kylie is likely to develop which kind of attachment?

A) Secure
B) Insecure
C) Bonded
D) Trust vs. Mistrust

Question 41

A group of people living in the same geographical area who are bound together politically and economically is considered a _________.

Question 42

Values differ from attitudes in that values

A) Are learned from socializing agents.
B) Are acquired by modeling others.
C) Are qualities or beliefs as opposed to tendencies to respond.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 43

Reinforcement and extinction are associated with _________ methods of socialization. (Operant, p. 53)_________ refers to an object or event that is presented following a behavior and that serves to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.

Question 44

The value one places on his/her identity is termed _________.

Question 45

Family patterns that stress individual achievement, separateness of generations, egalitarianism, and consensus are termed _________.

Question 46

The main difference between the term "gender" and the term "sex" is

A) Gender refers to psychological attributes whereas sex refers to biological attributes.
B) Sex refers to psychological attributes whereas gender refers to biological attributes.
C) None; The terms "sex" and "gender refer to the same thing.
D) Gender refers to chromosomes; Sex refers to biological attributes.

Question 47

Professor Jones is studying how a person responds to the temptation to violate moral rules, such as lying and cheating. Professor Jones is studying which aspect of moral development?

A) Affective
B) Cognitive
C) Behavioral
D) Cognitive-Developmental

Question 48

When a reward, or pleasant consequence, is given for desired behavior, this is called _________ reinforcement.

Question 49

Erikson's term for the developmental task in the play years (ages 3 to 5) is _________.

Question 50

The influence of the social group varies according to several factors, including:

A) Attraction to the group.
B) Acceptance by the group.
C) Type of group.
D) All of the above.

Question 51

As the child progresses from infancy to childhood, emotional and behavioral regulation gradually shifts from ______________external socializing agents to ________________, self-induced mechanisms.

Question 52

Maria and Manuel read a book to their child every night before they put him to bed. This is an example of a

A) Symbol.
B) Routine.
C) Rite of Passage.
D) Conservation Task.

Question 53

Interest in establishing and guiding the next generation is called _________.

Question 54

Group pressure is sometimes used by ethnic groups to

A) Promote individualism.
B) Control non-conforming behavior.
C) Promote egocentric thought.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 55

The _________________ is a source of social comparison.

Question 56

Rituals that signify changes in individuals' status as they move through the cycle of life are referred to as

A) Rites of Passage.
B) Cultural Stereotypes.
C) Values.
D) Mastery Motivations.

Question 57

Speaking or writing in support of a person, a group, or a cause is known as _______________.

Question 58

Apprenticeship programs typically progress from _________ to _________?

A) Collaborating to structuring
B) Structuring to transferring
C) Reasoning to explaining
D) Open/expressive to restrained/private

Question 59

According to Erikson, adolescents are working on identity vs. _________.

Question 60

Talking about the reasons a child cannot do something is characteristic of

A) Authoritative parents.
B) Authoritarian parents.
C) Permissive parents.
D) Permissive teachers.

Question 61

A ceremonial observation of a prescribed rule or custom is called a _________.

Question 62

_________ refers to a process in which a novice is guided by an expert to participate in and master tasks.

Question 63

The handing down of customs, stories, and beliefs from generation to generation is known as ________________.

Question 64

_________ are qualities that an individual understands to characterize males and females in his or her culture.

Question 65

Compare the early stages of Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development to Erikson's later stages. Focus your discussion on how developmental tasks change over time, including the term(s) for each stage as appropriate.

Question 66

"I failed because I didn't study" is an example of a(n) _________ attribution.

Question 67

_________ refers to a form of imitative learning that occurs by observing another person perform a behavior and experience its consequence.

Question 68

Timeout is a type of ___________________ in which all reinforcement is removed.

Question 69

Moral values such as guilt, shame, and empathy are examples of the _________ component of morality.

Question 70

John has a parenting style which is child-centered but lacks directives or authority. John's style termed _________.

Question 71

Describe the six methods of socialization and give a specific example of each.

Question 72

Feedback usually _________ subsequent performance.

Question 73

A debutante ball and a circumcision ceremony are examples of _________.

Question 74

_________ refers to physically or psychologically painful stimuli.

Question 75

_________ is a term for actions that are intended to aid or benefit another person or group of people without the actor's anticipation of external rewards.

Question 76

A city's building code is an example of a _________.

Question 77

An inborn motive to explore, understand, and control one's environment is known as _________ motivation.

Question 78

Qualities or beliefs that are viewed as desirable or important are called _________.

Question 79

Instruction, standard setting, and reasoning are all examples of which socialization method?

Question 80

Reasoning from a general principle to a specific case is called _________ reasoning.