Deck 4: Ecology of Parenting

Question 1

One of the universal goals of parenting is

A) Ensuring a college education.
B) Ensuring physical health and survival.
C) Ensuring economic wealth.
D) All answers are correct; All are goals shared by parents around the world.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Political ideology refers to

A) Theories pertaining to government.
B) Theories specific to child development.
C) The production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
D) An individual's rank or position within society.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Based on observations of children of all ages, Gesell concluded that

A) Children need structured learning environments.
B) Parents should not push their children, as growth occurs naturally.
C) Children do not need experiences to develop.
D) Children achieve most when pressured and pushed.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A society in which one person has unlimited power over others is called

A) Autocracy.
B) Democracy.
C) Collectivistic.
D) Automatic.

Question 5

A parent's workplace is thought to affect

A) Their perception of life.
B) The way he/she parents.
C) The way he/she interact with family members.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 6

A system of beliefs concerned with the interests and ideals of humans rather than of the natural or spiritual world is

A) Humanism.
B) Tabula Rasa.
C) An idea proposed by Watson.
D) Behaviorism.

Question 7

All but which of the following characterizes a group with a collectivist orientation?

A) Emphasis on nonverbal communication
B) Emphasis on group loyalty
C) Social responsibility (sharing, helping)
D) Emphasis on individual fulfillment

Question 8

Ethnic groups are found to vary (differ) in their

A) Displays of emotion.
B) Discipline of children.
C) Emphasis on specific skills.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 9

During which century were children considered to be significant only if they contributed to their elders' welfare?

A) 18th century
B) 19th century
C) Early 20th century
D) Late 20th century

Question 10

According to your text, which of the following is an example of a group that is likely to be collectivistic?

A) Japanese-American families
B) Middle-Eastern families
C) Native-American families
D) All answers are correct

Question 11

Parenting is _________.

A) Bidirectional.
B) Dynamic.
C) Both of the above.
D) Neither of the above.

Question 12

Which of the following theories emphasizes observed behavior?

A) Behaviorism
B) Parent-Centered
C) Humanism
D) Psychoanalytic

Question 13

Individualistic groups tend to value _________ authority whereas collectivistic groups tend to value _________ authority.

A) Achieved; ascribed
B) Ascribed; earned-through- hard- work
C) Collective; Individual
D) No answers are correct

Question 14

Research comparing ethnic groups suggests Latino Americans tend to

A) Encourage children to learn by observation, by doing, and by the reactions of others.
B) Include children in many adult activities.
C) Use feedback.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 15

Interdependent relations, social responsibility, and the well-being of the group are emphasized in _________.

A) Collectivist Cultures
B) Traditional Cultures
C) Individualism
D) Classism

Question 16

Watson believed

A) Behavior that is rewarded will get repeated.
B) Conditioning of the child must take place early in life.
C) Learning is a change in the way an individual responds to a particular situation.
D) All answer are correct.

Question 17

Parents of low socioeconomic status may use "commanding without explanation" because

A) They would rather not talk to their children.
B) "Commanding without explanation" requires less time and effort.
C) "Commanding without explanation" is less efficient than other methods.
D) They are under less stress than parents of higher socioeconomic statuses.

Question 18

A primary concern of social scientists is that recent trends, such as occupational mobility (the movement of individuals for job-related reasons), will

A) Isolate nuclear families from those who can help nurture and care for their children.
B) Increase employment opportunities for parents.
C) Increase the number of children in quality child care settings.
D) Increase the number of child labor laws.

Question 19

Kohn (1977, 1995) found that, compared to other families, middle-class families were more likely to judge their children's behavior in terms of

A) Its immediate consequences.
B) The child's motives.
C) Its external characteristics.
D) Whether or not it conformed to social norms.

Question 20

Individual-oriented families believe the self is located within the

A) Individual.
B) Group.
C) Culture.
D) Authority figure.

Question 21

Two-year-old Matthew bit his brother. In response, his mother bit him back. Which parenting style does this exhibit?

A) Authoritative
B) Uninvolved
C) Permissive
D) Authoritarian

Question 22

According to research, children of permissive parents tend to be

A) Independent and socially responsible.
B) Independent but not socially responsible.
C) Lacking in social responsibility and not very independent.
D) Lacking in empathy.

Question 23

Which of the following is a family characteristic that affects parenting practices?

A) Family size
B) Family configuration
C) Parents' stage of life
D) All answers are correct

Question 24

Factors which will influence family dynamics and parenting styles when a child in the family has a disability include

A) The nature of the disability.
B) The age of onset of the disability.
C) The severity of the disability.
D) All of the above.

Question 25

Guidance is to discipline as

A) Direction is to punishment
B) Punishment is to demonstration
C) Outputs are to inputs
D) Harsh is to gentle

Question 26

According to White (1971) and others, the mothers of competent children

A) Created a safe physical environment at home.
B) Did not provide interesting things for the child to manipulate.
C) Were not tolerant of messes or accidents.
D) Used distraction only if the child was over age 1 year.

Question 27

Which children adapt best to any of a number of styles of parenting?

A) Easy
B) Difficult
C) Slow-to-Warm-Up
D) Irregular

Question 28

Which is the most commonly used parenting style?

A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Permissive
D) Uninvolved

Question 29

According to your text, parents with large families tend to be

A) Permissive.
B) Individualistic.
C) Authoritarian.
D) Neglectful.

Question 30

Which of the following is not a dimension of temperament?

A) Cuteness
B) Intensity of reaction
C) Threshold of responsiveness
D) Quality of mood

Question 31

Any intentional harm to or endangerment of a child is called

A) Maltreatment.
B) Guidance.
C) Neglect.
D) Restriction.

Question 32

Serena's attitude toward her children is "do what you want." She does not try to control them and places few demands on them. Serena would be classified as

A) Authoritarian
B) Permissive
C) Uninvolved
D) Unregulated

Question 33

According to research, mothers provide which children more attention, guidance, and discipline?

A) The oldest child
B) The second child in a family
C) Boys
D) The youngest child in a family

Question 34

The first stage of Galinsky's model is

A) Image Making.
B) Interpretive.
C) Trust vs. Mistrust.
D) Sensorimotor.

Question 35

Zussman (1980) found that parents preoccupied with completing a task were _________ responsive to their children.

A) More
B) Less
C) About the same
D) Intensely

Question 36

According to Baumrind (1971), the parent who uses punitive disciplinary measures is

A) Authoritative.
B) Permissive.
C) Uncaring.
D) Authoritarian.

Question 37

Kelly has a child who is very active and distractible. Kelly has worked hard over the years to adjust her expectations to meet the needs of this child. Based on this information, one would say Kelly has worked hard to develop

A) Goodness of fit.
B) Rhythmicity.
C) Fixations.
D) Her child's ethnic awareness.

Question 38

A parent who is controlling yet flexible; demanding yet rational; and is receptive to the child's communication is considered

A) Authoritarian
B) Individualistic
C) Authoritative
D) Neglectful

Question 39

Researchers have found that although specific parenting practices change according to the age of the child, basic parenting styles _________ over time.

A) Remain quite stable
B) Change even more
C) Disappear
D) Cannot be determined

Question 40

Baby Carrie is adaptable and approachable; she shows positive mood and regularity in body function. When she reacts to a stimulus, her reaction is moderate or low in intensity. We would classify Carrie as

A) Easy.
B) Difficult.
C) Slow-to-Warm-Up.
D) Irregular.

Question 41

The researcher whose theory of personality emphasized unconscious forces in the mind was _________.

Question 42

Children who have low activity levels and are initially withdrawn but slowly adapt to new situations have a temperament characterized as _________.

Question 43

Parents in the last stage of Galinsky's model are in the stage termed _________.

Question 44

In Collectivist cultures, children learn individuals are treated differently according to rank and/or situation. This practice is known as _________.

Question 45

Behavior that benefits other people, such as altruism, sharing, and cooperation is called _________.

Question 46

The theory that observed behavior, rather than what exists in the mind, provides the only valid data for psychology is called _________.

Question 47

Psychological abuse includes

A) Inconsistency.
B) Having unrealistic expectations.
C) Belittling (speaking of as if small or unimportant).
D) All answers are correct.

Question 48

John Locke's best known concept is that of the _________.

Question 49

Children with _________ temperaments need consistent, patient, and objective parents who can handle their instability.

Question 50

Researchers report that the abusive family

A) Is generally active in the community.
B) Is often isolated from the community.
C) Does not want the child.
D) Is not intelligent.

Question 51

The Freudian term for arrested development is _________.

Question 52

According to Maccoby & Martin (1983), parenting styles are usually classified by the dimensions of acceptance/responsiveness and _________

Question 53

An example of a culture that prioritizes the parenting goal of developing capacities for economic self-maintenance is the ____________________________.

Question 54

An example of a resilient factor as it applies to child maltreatment is

A) Child's easy temperament.
B) Improvement in family's financial status.
C) Neither answer is correct and applicable.
D) Both answers are correct and applicable.

Question 55

Which of the following is an example of neglect?

A) Child is not properly fed
B) Child does not get adequate medical attention
C) Child lacks supervision
D) All answers are examples of neglect

Question 56

A society in which those ruled have power equal to those who rule is considered a _________.

Question 57

Compared to other children, children with disabilities are

A) At more risk of being abused.
B) At less risk for being abused.
C) Equally likely to be abused.
D) Never abused.

Question 58

Parents encourage ___________ to be more dependent, affectionate, and emotional than ____________.

Question 59

Emphasizing obedience, respect, neatness, and staying out of trouble is characteristic of parents from which socioeconomic class? _________

Question 60

The learned behavior, including the knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs, and traditions that is characteristic of the social environment in which an individual grows up is called the _________.

Question 61

When a child misbehaves and the parent leads the way by directing, demonstrating, or supervising the correct response, that parent is using _________.

Question 62

Compare and contrast a collectivist/interdependent orientation with one that is competitive/independent. Focus your answer on the ways in which collectivist and competitive perspectives impact the parenting role.

Question 63

Describe the experience of disability as it relates to family dynamics. Include in your description the perspective of parents, children, and siblings.

Question 64

When a parent, instead of seeing himself as the nurturer of the child, instead expects the child to meet their needs for love, this is an example of _________.

Question 65

Many abusers have a history of being _________.

Question 66

Parenting practices which consider the child's age capacity, maintain reasonable expectations, consider the child's strengths/limitation/needs, utilize a range of acceptable disciplinary measures, provide care, nurturing and support, and model self-control are termed _________ .

Question 67

Maltreatment involving deliberate harm to the child's body is called _________ abuse.

Question 68

The type of abuse that refers to sexual relations between closely related persons is called _________.

Question 69

A style of insensitive, indifferent parenting with few demands or rules is _________.

Question 70

Actions toward a child which include things such as unkindness, harshness, rejection, neglect, deprivation, abuse and/or violence are termed _________.

Question 71

Using the scenario below explain and describe each of Baumrind's styles of parenting. How would a parent of each style handle this situation?

Question 72

In Baumrind's study, children who showed little responsibility and scored in the middle range on social responsibility had parents whose style was considered _________.

Question 73

Describe how parenting behavior is affected by parental occupation and give examples.

Question 74

The parent who is characterized by the phrase "Do it because. . ." is considered what type of parent according to Baumrind? _________.

Question 75

Compare and contrast the different types of attachment according to Ainsworth et al. (1978).

Question 76

Jasmine gets attention in socially acceptable ways, uses adults as resources, and gets along well with others. We would call Jasmine what kind of child? _________

Question 77

Imagine you are a life coach. You are working with a childless couple who are considering having a baby. Describe the specific family characteristics linked to parenting outcome as outlined in your text. Focus your discussion on characteristics related to family size, configuration, life stage, marital quality, and coping ability.

Question 78

Summarize the research on the relationship between parenting style and child outcome.

Question 79

Describe the differences among authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved parenting styles.

Question 80

Explain the concept of goodness-of- fit and how it relates to parenting behavior.