Deck 14: Water and Major Minerals

Question 1

The main electrolytes found inside the cell are___________.

A) calcium, sodium, and chloride
B) sulfate, potassium, and chloride
C) potassium, magnesium, and phosphate
D) sodium, chloride, and potassium

Answer 1

Electrolytes refer to compounds that dissociate into ions in water and thus are able to conduct electricity or transmit impulses across a cell membrane. Examples of such ions or electrolytes in the body include sodium, chloride and potassium mainly.
Thus the correct option is (d), sodium, chloride and potassium.
Calcium compounds do not easily dissociate to form calcium ions in water. Thus in this option though sodium and chloride are correct, calcium is incorrect.
Thus the option (a) is incorrect.
Sulfates are not found easily in the cell in its ionic form.
Thus the option (b) is incorrect.
Though magnesium is the second most abundant intracellular cation, still it does not act as an electrolyte and help in either conduction or transmission of impulses or electric current.
Thus the option (c) is incorrect.

Question 2

When the amount of water in the body is low, the hormones ___________ and ___________ signal the kidneys to conserve water and salt.

A) insulin; calcitonin
B) antidiuretic hormone; aldosterone
C) estrogen; angiotensin II
D) calmodulin; aldosterone

Answer 2

Water regulation in the body is done by kidneys by the help of two main hormones: ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and aldosterone. ADH released from the pituitary directs the kidneys to conserve water. On the other hand, renin- angiotensin system triggers the release of aldosterone from the adrenal gland. The aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to absorb more chloride and sodium, thus more water.
Hence the correct option is (b), antidiuretic hormone; aldosterone.
Insulin is a hormone release by the pancreatic cells that helps in the regulation of blood sugar.
Thus the option (a) is incorrect.
Estrogen is a female hormone that mainly functions in the regulation of menstrual cycle and development of female reproductive organs.
Thus the option (c) is incorrect.
Calmodulin is a calcium binding protein that helps in the regulation of cell metabolism. It is not a hormone that helps in water regulation.
Thus the option (d) is incorrect.

Question 3

Both___________ and ___________ can bind to some minerals and limit their absorption.

A) phytic acid; oxalic acid
B) vitamin C; iron
C) sodium; potassium
D) protein; fiber

Answer 3

Vitamin C increases the absorption of iron from the diet.
Thus the option (b) is incorrect.
Sodium and potassium are themselves minerals that do not decrease the bioavailability of any other inerals.
Thus the option (c) is incorrect.
Though phytic acid is a component of some plant fibers and limits absorption of certain minerals, but protein in no way binds to minerals to limit their absorption.
Thus the option (d) is incorrect.

Question 4

Most sodium in the diet comes from ___________.

A) table salt added at home
B) processed foods
C) restaurant foods
D) both b and c

Question 5

Sodium intake in the U.S. typically exceeds the Upper Level.

Question 6

Low potassium intakes are associated with ___________.

A) eating disorders
B) diets that contain few fresh foods and large amounts of processed foods
C) excessive alcohol intake
D) all of the above

Question 7

The functions of the chloride ion include ___________.

A) serving as the main anion in the intracellular fluid
B) aiding the transmission of nerve impulses
C) forming acid in the stomach
D) both b and c

Question 8

___________ potassium intake and ___________ sodium intake are associated with a higher risk of high blood pressure and stroke.

A) High; low
B) Low; high
C) Low; low
D) High; high

Question 9

A blood pressure of 135/90 mm Hg is classified as ___________.

A) hypertension
B) normal blood pressure
C) prehypertension
D) low blood pressure

Question 10

Important lifestyle modifications for preventing hypertension include ___________.

A) maintaining a healthy BMI
B) eating a diet rich in potassium, calcium, and magnesium
C) not smoking
D) all of the above

Question 11

Significant nondairy sources of calcium include ___________.

A) almonds, beans, mustard greens, broccoli, and tofu
B) meat, eggs, and fish
C) whole-grain breads and cereals, peanuts, bananas, and spinach
D) all of the above

Question 12

Calcium absorption is likely to be highest in ___________.

A) postmenopausal women
B) adults in middle age
C) adolescent males and females
D) both a and b

Question 13

Which of the following is not a risk factor for osteoporosis?

A) low physical activity
B) low calcium and vitamin D intakes
C) obesity
D) amenorrhea

Question 14

Phosphorus deficiency is a common problem in North America.

Question 15

Over half of the magnesium in the body is found in the ________.

A) heart
B) liver
C) bones
D) brain

Question 16

Protein rich foods are the main source of the mineral sulfur in our diets.

Question 17

Describe how sodium, potassium, and chloride are involved in maintaining water balance in cells.

Question 18

What factors increase and decrease the bioavailability of minerals?

Question 19

How are blood calcium levels maintained?

Question 20

Why are phosphorus deficiencies rare?

Question 21

Create a menu that is rich in magnesium.

Question 22

Describe lifestyle modifications that can help reduce hypertension.

Question 23

Discuss the factors that increase the risk of developing osteoporosis.

Question 24

How is body water distributed?

Question 25

What are the main functions of water in the body?

Question 26

What factors affect water requirements in an individual?

Question 27

How do the ADH and renin-angiotensin system conserve water?

Question 28

What are the signs of dehydration?

Question 29

How are the major minerals differentiated from trace minerals?

Question 30

What are 3 factors that can alter the bioavailability of a mineral?

Question 31

What are 3 functions of minerals in the body?

Question 32

Which foods contribute high amounts of sodium to the diet?

Question 33

How does the Adequate Intake (AI) of sodium compare with typical intakes in North America?

Question 34

How is excess sodium eliminated from the body?

Question 35

What are the 3 main functions of sodium?

Question 36

What are some strategies for decreasing sodium in the diet?

Question 37

Which food groups are generally good sources of potassium?

Question 38

Where is most of the potassium found in the body?

Question 39

What are 2 serious disorders linked to low potassium intakes?

Question 40

Why is hyperkalemia (high blood potassium) rare?

Question 41

What is the source of most dietary chloride?

Question 42

What are the risk factors for developing high blood pressure?

Question 43

What are the functions of chloride in the body?

Question 44

Why is the periodic measurement of blood pressure important?

Question 45

How were chloride needs and Upper Level set?

Question 46

Why is hypertension a dangerous condition?

Question 47

What lifestyle changes can help prevent and treat hypertension?

Question 48

Which foods are the most bioavailable sources of calcium?

Question 49

How do parathyroid hormone and calcitonin regulate serum calcium?

Question 50

What are the functions of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts in bone?

Question 51

Other than building bones and teeth, what are the functions of calcium in the body?

Question 52

Which foods are high in phosphorus?

Question 53

In addition to its structural roles for bones and teeth, what are critical roles of phosphorus in the body?

Question 54

What are some of the symptoms of phosphorus deficiency?

Question 55

Which foods are good sources of magnesium?

Question 56

What are the functions of magnesium?

Question 57

What are the symptoms of magnesium deficiency?

Question 58

Which groups are most likely to be magnesium deficient?