Deck 15: Gender Development

Question 1

Evolutionary psychologists view gender differences in behavior as stemming from:

A)the history of the human species.
B)differences in the contexts in which males and females reside.
C)imitating same-sex models.
D)gender segregation.

Answer 1

the history of the human species.

Question 2

Which of the following forms of study is an approach focusing on physical sex differences and their behavioral and social consequences?

A)evolutionary psychology
B)neuroscientific perspective
C)gender schema theory
D)biosocial theory

Answer 2

biosocial theory

Question 3

All of the following statements are criticisms of the version of evolutionary psychology described in the text EXCEPT:

A)it explains male behavior better than it explains female behavior.
B)its claims cannot be tested.
C)it uses circular reasoning.
D)it is deterministic.

Answer 3

it explains male behavior better than it explains female behavior.

Question 4

Which of the following assertions would provide the best support for the evolutionary psychological perspective on gender differences?

A)Boys have more opportunity to observe the behavior of men and girls have more opportunity to observe the behavior of women.
B)Girls and boys have different play styles from a very early age, and gender segregation is initiated by children starting at least by preschool age.
C)Children remember gender-consistent information better than they remember gender-inconsistent information.
D)Boys are more likely than girls to engage in rough- and-tumble play.

Question 5

In comparison with the brains of males, the brains of females have:

A)a larger corpus callosum.
B)less dense nerve connections in the area of the brain associated with linguistic processing.
C)greater hemispheric specialization.
D)a larger area of the brain associated with processing spatial information.

Question 6

Affiliation refers to the tendency to:

A)minimize one's own self-worth.
B)take action on behalf of the self.
C)establish connections with others.
D)blend a variety of behaviors.

Question 7

Case studies of individuals who underwent gender "reassignment" and individuals who have gender- identity disorder have demonstrated the:

A)dominance of gender identification over socialization.
B)importance of gender constancy.
C)irrelevance of hormones in gender-typed behavior.
D)dominance of socialization over gender identification.

Question 8

The blending of the assertion and affiliation styles of behavior is referred to as:

A)co-operation.
B)collaboration.
C)association.
D)amalgamation.

Question 9

Evolutionary psychologists explain girls' affiliative orientation by proposing that it:

A)is a result of differences in brain structure.
B)conferred an advantage in seeking mates.
C)may have helped women gain assistance with childcare.
D)is a less-developed manner of behaving.

Question 10

Which of the following conditions is associated with high levels of rough-and-tumble play in girls?

A)ADD
B)congenital adrenal hyperplasia
C)epilepsy
D)anxiety

Question 11

Which of the following actions is the best example of children's active role in the development of gender- typed behavior?

A)preschoolers' typical choices of Halloween costumes
B)parents' setting up of gender-typed environments
C)boys' greater tendency to call out answers in class
D)girls' greater linguistic ability

Question 12

Assertion includes an emphasis on which of the following qualities?

A)sensitive
B)co-operative
C)task oriented
D)independent

Question 13

Of the following terms, levels of which of the following activities would MOST likely be positively associated with the level of androgens in the body?

A)parenting play
B)co-operation
C)physical aggression
D)empathy

Question 14

Which of the following theories does NOT account for children's early superior knowledge about same-sex objects and behaviors over opposite-sex objects and behaviors?

A)evolutionary theories
B)gender schema theory
C)social identity theory
D)Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory

Question 15

Which of the following statements is NOT a proposal of biosocial theory?

A)Biology is destiny.
B)Social ecology can shape the different gender roles assigned to men and women.
C)Physical differences between males and females have behavioral and social consequences.
D)Men's physical abilities tended to confer status in society for much of human history.

Question 16

Some researchers who emphasize the biological dimensions of gender differences argue that those differences stem from different:

A)treatment by adults.
B)levels of androgens.
C)levels of knowledge about the two sexes.
D)play styles.

Question 17

Evolutionary psychologists view gender differences in mating habits as due to:

A)differences in the roles society imposes on men and women.
B)fundamental gender differences in what is necessary to have viable, successful offspring.
C)gender differences in intelligence.
D)observational learning during childhood.

Question 18

The cognitive perspective on gender development is concerned with:

A)children's efforts to socialize themselves.
B)parents' and teachers' unintentional socialization of children.
C)differences in brain functioning between girls and boys.
D)The cognitive perspective on gender development is concerned with all of these answers.

Question 19

A class of hormones that are typically thought of as male hormones are:

A)androgens.
B)estrogens.
C)pheromones.
D)spermones.

Question 20

Affiliation includes an emphasis on which of the following qualities?

A)sensitive
B)active
C)self-assertive
D)independent

Question 21

5-year-old John is shown two toys. He is told the first toy, a type of machine that he has never before seen, is "for girls." He is told the second toy, a type of kitchen apparatus that he has never before seen, is "for boys."
John is likely to play with:

A)the machine.
B)the kitchen apparatus.
C)both toys equally.
D)neither toy, as he will be confused about which one
is appropriate for him.

Question 22

Research has indicated that Kohlberg was wrong about the:

A)sequence of children's understanding of gender.
B)existence of the gender constancy stage.
C)association of gender understanding and the development of the understanding of conservation.
D)timing of gender-based preferences.

Question 23

According to Kohlberg, which of the following children's behavior on Piagetian conservation tasks is likely to have achieved gender constancy?

A)Melinda, who believes that a row of pennies that has been spread out has more pennies than it originally did
B)Alicia, who intently watches the liquid being poured from one container to another to understand where the extra liquid is going
C)Jasmine, who states that a ball of clay that has been rolled out into a hot dog shape has less clay after the change
D)None of these show that the child has achieved
gender constancy.

Question 24

According to gender schema theory, which of the following schema is children's first gender-related schema?

A)own-sex schema
B)other-sex schema
C)ingroup/outgroup schema
D)good/bad schema

Question 25

Cognitive theories of gender development stress:

A)gender differences in brain structure.
B)children's gender self-socialization.
C)opportunity structure.
D)differences in male and female social roles.

Question 26

According to gender schema theory, which of the following statements is NOT true?

A)Children remember more about the observation of members of their own sex than of members of the other sex.
B)Children are more likely to retain information that is gender consistent than information that is gender inconsistent.
C)Children are more likely to distort information that is gender inconsistent than information that is gender consistent.
D)Children are more likely to accurately encode information about members of the other sex than about members of their own sex.

Question 27

All of the following theories are examples of cognitive perspectives on gender development EXCEPT:

A)gender schema theory.
B)bioecological model.
C)Kohlberg's theory of gender-role development.
D)social identity theory.

Question 28

Kohlberg's concept of gender constancy involves the understanding that:

A)one is a member of one gender category or another.
B)gender is consistent even when superficial changes occur.
C)gender is stable over time.
D)gender is determined by sex chromosomes.

Question 29

According to Kohlberg's theory of gender-role development, children begin to imitate same-sex models when:

A)they have established gender identity.
B)they are rewarded.
C)they achieved gender constancy.
D)they have constructed gender schemas.

Question 30

Kohlberg proposed that children learn about how to behave according to their gender because:

A)they actively seek out same-sex models.
B)they are treated differently by parents and teachers based on their gender.
C)they spend more time with members of the same sex.
D)their brains are structured to attend more to gender-appropriate objects and activities.

Question 31

Kohlberg's theory of gender-role development proposes that which of the following factors is the basis for the development of gender knowledge?

A)children's intrinsic motivation to learn about gender
B)general cognitive development
C)parents' explicit instruction
D)peer socialization

Question 32

Gender schema theory holds that children's intrinsic motivation to acquire gender-consistent interests, values, and behavior emerges when children:

A)realize that gender is stable across situations.
B)understand that gender is constant across time.
C)can identify their own gender.
D)are born.

Question 33

Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory of gender- role development is particularly concerned with:

A)how gender knowledge develops.
B)parents' differential reinforcement of gender- appropriate and inappropriate behavior.
C)biologically based sex differences.
D)the contexts in which girls and boys develop differently.

Question 34

Which of the following children has established gender identity, but has NOT developed gender stability?

A)Darrell asks his father, "Am I a girl?"
B)Kimmy tells her grandfather, "Even though I like to wear pants and play with trucks, I am still a girl."
C)Carolyn tells her new teacher, "Hi. My name is Carolyn. I'm a girl. When I grow up, I'd like to be a daddy."
D)Sam, an infant, is more strongly attached to his father than to his mother.

Question 35

Which of the following theories best explains the perpetuation of stereotypes that have little or no basis in reality?

A)gender schema theory
B)evolutionary theory
C)Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory
D)social learning theory

Question 36

Mental representations incorporating everything children know about gender are referred to as gender:

A)identities.
B)systems.
C)socializations.
D)schemas.

Question 37

Gender schema theory proposes that gender differences have to do with children's tendency to:

A)gather information about the appropriate objects and behavior for their own sex to the detriment of the objects and behavior of the opposite sex.
B)identify with the same-sex parent as a result of a sexual attraction toward the opposite-sex parent.
C)be reinforced and rewarded for displaying gender- appropriate behaviors.
D)live in gender-appropriate contexts.

Question 38

Which of the following questions can be answered by children who have established gender identity?

A)"Am I a boy or a girl?"
B)"Will I always be a girl?"
C)"Am I still a girl if I have short hair and like to play football?"
D)All of these questions can be answered by children who have established gender identity.

Question 39

Children who heard a story that featured a character engaging in a gender-inconsistent manner tended to:

A)accurately remember the information.
B)distort the information.
C)accurately encode the information.
D)process the information at a deep level.

Question 40

Which of the following assertions provides the best support for gender schema theory's perspective on gender differences?

A)Boys have more opportunity to observe the behavior of men and girls have more opportunity to observe the behavior of women.
B)Girls and boys have different play styles from a very early age, and gender segregation is initiated by children starting at least by preschool age.
C)Children remember gender-consistent information better than they remember gender-inconsistent information.
D)Boys are more likely than girls to engage in rough- and-tumble play.

Question 41

Which of the following sentences is NOT consistent with social identity theory?

A)Girls are more likely to engage in masculine- stereotyped behavior than boys are to engage in feminine-stereotyped behavior.
B)Gender-typing pressures are more rigid for girls than for boys.
C)Masculine-stereotyped characteristics are valued more highly than feminine-stereotyped characteristics.
D)Boys are more likely than girls to maintain group boundaries.

Question 42

Gender-essentialist statements:

A)imply that the characteristics in question can change easily.
B)are typically phrased in the future tense.
C)imply that the characteristics in question are true of some, but not all, of the entire group.
D)convey the idea that gender is an important distinction.

Question 43

Social identity theory is particularly interested in the influence of which of the following variables?

A)the contexts in which development occurs
B)cognitive advancements
C)hormones
D)group membership

Question 44

Which of the following statements provides the clearest evidence for the hypothesis that watching TV causes stereotyping?

A)Children in the town of Notel showed an increase in stereotypical views following the introduction of TV.
B)Boys hold more stereotypical views than do girls.
C)Older children, who watch more TV than younger children, hold more stereotypical views than younger children do.
D)Children who watch more cartoons hold more stereotypical views than do children who watch fewer cartoons.

Question 45

The typical U.S. child between the ages of 3 and 11 watches how many hours of TV each day?

A)less than 1
B)1 to 2
C)2 to4
D)4 to 5

Question 46

Which of the following situations is an example of enactive experience?

A)Ty's dad helps him with his science homework.
B)Tristan's teacher pays more attention to him when he gets angry than when he cries.
C)Emily's grandmother teaches her how to sew a
button on a shirt.
D)Kaya watches her mother take care of her baby brother.

Question 47

Which of the following variables is an example of the contribution of self-socialization to gender differences?

A)gender segregation
B)dressing female infants in pink and dressing male infants in blue
C)engage in rough-and-tumble play
D)All of these are examples of the contribution of self- socialization to gender differences.

Question 48

Which of the following perspectives emphasizes a community's opportunity structure?

A)bioecological model
B)social role theory
C)social identity theory
D)biosocial theory

Question 49

Jacob's dad often teaches his son how to make minor car repairs. According to social cognitive theory, this is an example of:

A)enactive experience.
B)modeling.
C)tuition.
D)collaboration.

Question 50

Individuals' tendency to evaluate individuals and characteristics of the group to which they belong as superior to those of the other group is referred to as:

A)ingroup assimilation.
B)ingroup bias.
C)outgroup assimilation.
D)outgroup bias.

Question 51

Which of the following statements provides the best support for the social cognitive theory of gender differences?

A)Boys are more likely to be praised by adults when they engage in masculine-typed activities than when they engage in feminine-typed activities.
B)Girls and boys have different play styles from a
very early age, and gender segregation is initiated by children starting at least by preschool age.
C)Children remember gender-consistent information better than they remember gender-inconsistent information.
D)Boys are more likely than girls to engage in rough- and-tumble play.

Question 52

Which of the following declarations is a gender- essentialist statement?

A)"Those girls are great dancers."
B)"Joshua is always getting dirty."
C)"Rachel loves pink."
D)"Boys are good at computers."

Question 53

According to the bioecological approach, child socialization practices serve to:

A)reinforce genetically based gender differences.
B)assist children to be successful in their field of interest.
C)prepare children for adult roles.
D)teach children a variety of behaviors and attitudes so that they can choose amongst them.

Question 54

According to social cognitive theory, learning occurs through all of the following modes EXCEPT:

A)age-related brain development.
B)direct teaching.
C)experiencing the reactions one's behavior evokes in others.
D)modeling.

Question 55

Social cognitive theory focuses on the reciprocal causation among all of the following factors EXCEPT:

A)behavioral patterns.
B)biological factors.
C)personal factors.
D)environmental factors.

Question 56

Which of the following actions is NOT a way in which parents typically behave?

A)using gender-essentialist statements
B)encouraging children of both sexes to help with similar household tasks
C)commenting on girls' appearance to a greater extent than on boys' appearance
D)explaining complicated science concepts to a greater extent to boys than to girls

Question 57

Which of the following elements is NOT associated with greater amounts of TV viewing by children?

A)lower levels of gender-essentialist statements
B)preference for gender-typed activities
C)more highly stereotypical beliefs about males and females
D)None of these are associated with greater amounts of TV viewing.

Question 58

Compared to parents' interactions with boys, parents' interactions with girls are more likely to include
which of the following events?

A)talk about how to perform outdoor house tasks
B)explanations about scientific observations
C)comments on appearance
D)Parents' interactions with girls are more likely to include all of these actions.

Question 59

Social identity theory would predict that the more time one spends with a group, the more:

A)one will come to like each member of the group.
B)one will be able to differentiate among members of the group.
C)similar to the members of the group one will become.
D)Social identity theory would predict that all of these would happen.

Question 60

With which of the following assertions is social identity theory consistent?

A)Boys are more likely than girls to endorse gender stereotypes.
B)Girls are more likely than boys to endorse gender stereotypes.
C)Both boys and girls will endorse gender stereotypes.
D)Girls and boys will rarely endorse gender stereotypes.

Question 61

Infants appear to be able to understand all of the following points about distinguishing males and females EXCEPT:

A)what it means to be male or female.
B)that female voices go with female faces and male voices go with male faces.
C)that females and males tend to have different hairstyles.
D)that males and females tend to have different vocal pitches.

Question 62

Which of the following statements is true about adolescent males' and females' gender flexibility?

A)Males and females are both flexible to a moderately high degree in adolescence.
B)Males and females are both inflexible in adolescence.
C)Boys are more flexible than girls.
D)Girls are more flexible than boys.

Question 63

Which of the following assertions is a true statement about adolescent males' and females' attitudes toward gender-stereotyped activities?

A)Boys are particularly likely to prefer masculine- stereotyped activities rather than to avoid feminine- stereotyped ones.
B)Boys are particularly likely to avoid feminine- stereotyped activities rather than to prefer masculine- stereotyped ones.
C)Girls are particularly likely to prefer feminine- stereotyped activities rather than to avoid masculine- stereotyped ones.
D)Girls are particularly likely to avoid masculine- stereotyped activities rather than to prefer feminine- stereotyped ones.

Question 64

Most children begin to demonstrate preferences for gender-typed toys around age:

A)one.
B)two.
C)three.
D)four.

Question 65

Friendly cross-gender contacts often occur in which of the following contexts?

A)when a teacher assigns them to work together on a project
B)on the playground at recess
C)in the cafeteria
D)when there are a lot of children around

Question 66

All of the following statements are true of co- rumination EXCEPT:

A)it occurs more frequently among girls than among boys.
B)it fosters feelings of closeness among friends.
C)it decreases depression.
D)it involves repeatedly talking about upsetting events.

Question 67

Which of the following theories is particularly useful when interpreting variations across societies in women's and men's relative status and power?

A)social role theory
B)social identity theory
C)cognitive developmental theory of gender role development
D)biosocial theory

Question 68

All of the following factors were found by Brown and Bigler to affect whether children recognize gender discrimination EXCEPT:

A)how gender typed their own behavior was.
B)understanding cultural stereotypes.
C)being able to make social comparisons.
D)having a moral understanding of fairness and
equity.

Question 69

Which of the following milestones develops latest?

A)actively classifying people by gender
B)forming expectations about the kinds of objects typically associated with males and females
C)knowing to which gender group they belong
D)recognition of gender-action mismatches (e.g., a
woman shaving her face)

Question 70

By 1st grade, children spend approximately_____ times as much time playing with same-sex children as with other-sex children.

A)two
B)three
C)five
D)eleven

Question 71

Which of the following occurrences is more likely among girls than among boys during adolescence?

A)gender-role intensification
B)ingroup bias
C)gender-role flexibility
D)ingroup assimilation

Question 72

All of the following properties tend to be more characteristic of the norms of girls' peer groups than of the norms of boys' peer groups in middle childhood EXCEPT:

A)self-reliance.
B)collaboration.
C)emotional sharing.
D)intimacy.

Question 73

Of the following influences, which appears to be the initial source of gender segregation?

A)establishment of gender constancy
B)peer pressure
C)differences in behavioral styles and interests
D)parent and teacher efforts

Question 74

Children's tendency to seek out peers of their own sex and avoid peers of the opposite sex is referred to as gender:

A)stereotyping.
B)segregation.
C)role development.
D)discrimination.

Question 75

In comparison to girls, there appears to be
______variability among boys in the ways they experience closeness in friendships.

A)less
B)more
C)the same level of
D)no

Question 76

All of the following features are typical of preschoolers EXCEPT:

A)knowledge of gender stereotypes regarding traits associated with males and females.
B)attribution of particular play activities to males and females.
C)knowledge of gender stereotypes regarding roles associated with males and females.
D)gender constancy.

Question 77

What types of forces contribute to gender segregation?

A)social
B)cognitive
C)temperamental
D)All of these forces contribute to gender segregation.

Question 78

At what approximately age do children start to demonstrate a clear understanding that gender roles are social conventions as opposed to biological outcomes?

A)five
B)seven
C)nine
D)eleven

Question 79

Kendra is ten years old. When presented with a story of a girl who likes to work on cars, Kendra will likely say that the girl______ be allowed to work on cars, and/but she______ be teased for doing that.

A)should; probably will not
B)should not; probably will
C)should; probably will
D)should not; probably will not

Question 80

During which period does gender segregation appear?

A)toddlerhood
B)preschool years
C)early childhood
D)middle childhood