Deck 9: Leadership and Decision Making

Question 1

What is the difference between leadership and management within an organization?

Answer 1

Leadership is necessary to create and direct change at an organization by influencing and motivating its members. Management, on the other hand, is more concerned with everyday administrative activities in order to bring stability to and obtain reliable results from the organization. A person can be a manager, a leader, both, or neither.

Question 2

Identify the five types of leadership power and explain each.

Answer 2

Power is the ability to affect the behavior of others. Legitimate power is power granted through the organizational hierarchy; it is the power defined by the organization to be accorded to people occupying a particular position. Reward power is the power to give or withhold rewards. Rewards that a manager may control include salary increases, bonuses, promotion recommendations, praise, recognition, and interesting job assignments. Coercive power is the power to force compliance by means of psychological, emotional, or physical threat. Compared with legitimate, reward, and coercive power, which are relatively concrete and grounded in objective facets of organizational life, referent power is abstract. It is based on identification, imitation, loyalty, or charisma. Expert power is derived from information or expertise. The more important the information and the fewer the people who have access to it, the greater is the degree of expert power possessed by any one individual.

Question 3

Which of the following BEST describes employee-focused leader behavior?

A) Concentration on both the work quality and work quantity of employees
B) Concentration on both the well-being and work quality of employees
C) Concentration on both the satisfaction and work quantity of employees
D) Concentration on both the satisfaction and the well-being of employees
E) Concentration on both the work quantity and the well-being of employees

Answer 3

D
Explanation:D)Employee-focused leader behavior occurs when a leader focuses on the satisfaction, motivation, and well-being of his or her employees.

Question 4

Which of the following BEST describes task-focused leader behavior?

A) Concentration on how tasks should be performed
B) Concentration on which tasks should be performed
C) Concentration on why tasks should be performed
D) Concentration on who should perform which tasks
E) Concentration on when tasks should be performed

Question 5

What type of power is more abstract, often based on loyalty or charisma?

A) Legitimate power
B) Reward power
C) Referent power
D) Expert power
E) Coercive power

Question 6

Salary increases, bonuses, promotions, praise and job assignments are all examples of what type of power?

A) Legitimate power
B) Reward power
C) Referent power
D) Expert power
E) Coercive power

Question 7

Management is defined as the processes and behaviors used to motivate, inspire, and influence the behaviors of others.

Question 8

What was a major problem with the trait approach to leadership?

A) The results were too innovative and thus were not taken seriously at the time.
B) The results were too inconsistent and thus not very practical.
C) The results were not very inspiring and thus ignored.
D) The results were found to be too pessimistic and thus were dismissed as useless.
E) The results were too worshipful of certain leaders and thus were dismissed as irrelevant.

Question 9

Which of the following statements BEST describes the assumptions made by researchers of the behavioral approach to leadership?

A) Behaviors of effective leaders differ in various situations.
B) Behaviors of effective leaders are the same in all situations.
C) Behaviors of effective leaders reflect the proper traits for effective leadership.
D) Behaviors of effective leaders differ as reflected by different traits for effective leadership.
E) Behaviors of effective leaders reflect the proper disposition for effective leadership.

Question 10

Whereas managers focus on plans, results, and goals, what do leaders focus on?

A) Productivity
B) Profitability
C) People
D) Sales
E) Organization

Question 11

All managers are leaders, but not all leaders are managers.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is the MOST accurate?

A) Effective managers lead for stability, whereas visionary leaders lead for change.
B) Effective leaders lead for stability, whereas visionary managers lead for change.
C) Visionary managers lead for stability, whereas effective leaders lead for change.
D) Strategic leaders lead for stability, whereas transforming leaders lead for change.
E) Strategic managers lead for stability, whereas transforming managers lead for change.

Question 13

Leadership researchers in the late 1940s believed that leaders should engage in which of the following behaviors?

A) Mostly employee-focused leader behavior
B) Mostly task-focused leader behavior
C) Both employee-focused leader behavior and task-focused leader behavior in equal amounts
D) A variable mixture of employee-focused leader behavior and task-focused behavior depending on the task
E) A variable mixture of employee-focused leader behavior and task-focused behavior depending on the employees

Question 14

When someone is able to act as both a leader and a manager, what type of power to they possess that others often do not?

A) Legitimate power
B) Reward power
C) Referent power
D) Expert power
E) Coercive power

Question 15

What type of power is granted through the established hierarchy within the organization?

A) Legitimate power
B) Reward power
C) Referent power
D) Expert power
E) Coercive power

Question 16

Which of the following do organizations need in order to be effective?

A) More leadership than management
B) More management than leadership
C) Both leadership and management
D) Either leadership or management
E) Neither leadership nor management

Question 17

What type of leader behavior is focused on the motivation and well-being of the employees?

A) Behavior
B) Task
C) Employee
D) Situational
E) Path-glory

Question 18

In interviews with two leadership applicants, a manager tried to determine each person's knowledge of the industry, level of energy, and level of self-esteem. With which of the following concepts of leadership is the manager MOST concerned here?

A) Charismatic leadership
B) Behavioral leadership
C) Situational leadership
D) Trait-based leadership
E) Transformational leadership

Question 19

What area was the earliest research on leadership MOST concerned with?

A) Leadership behaviors
B) Leadership traits
C) Leadership situations
D) Leadership integrity
E) Leadership roles

Question 20

Which of the following describes the concept of leadership?

A) The processes and behaviors used by someone to determine the optimal decision among several options
B) The processes and behaviors used by someone to motivate, inspire, and influence the behaviors of others
C) The processes and behaviors used by someone to establish the organizational structure of a firm
D) The processes and behaviors used by someone to manage the functioning of an organization
E) The processes and behaviors used by someone to achieve tangible outcomes within an organization

Question 21

Which statement is true regarding charismatic leadership?

A) Charismatic leadership ideas are unpopular among contemporary managers.
B) Many studies have successfully assessed the impact of charismatic leadership.
C) Charismatic leadership is recognized as the most important approach to leadership.
D) Dependence on charismatic leadership can raise serious ethical concerns.
E) Taking over a leadership role from a charismatic leader is often easier than following a leader lacking in charisma.

Question 22

The behavioral approach to the study of leadership identified two main areas of effective leadership behavior: trait-focused behavior and goal-focused behavior.

Question 23

Under the path-goal theory of leadership, what type of leader behavior includes setting challenging goals for the employee with the expectation that those goals will be achieved?

A) Directive
B) Supportive
C) Participative
D) Achievement-oriented
E) Decision tree

Question 24

The situational approach to leadership was first proposed as a continuum of leadership behavior. Explain the two extreme ranges of the continuum.

Question 25

The behavioral approach to the study of leadership emphasized the actions taken by an effective leader rather than any specific traits.

Question 26

Which of the following models of leadership is based on the expectancy theory of motivation and suggests that the function of a leader is to make rewards available to the workplace?

A) Supportive
B) Path-goal
C) Decision tree
D) Employee-focused
E) Leader-member exchange

Question 27

According to the situational approach to leadership, the extent to which a leader or subordinate is involved in decision making depends on characteristics of which aspects of an organization?

A) The leader, the followers, and the situation
B) The leader, the structure of the organization, and the situation
C) The leader, the resources at hand, and the situation
D) The followers, the resources at hand, and the situation
E) The resources, the structure of the organization, and the situation

Question 28

Which approach to leadership is based on the assumption that appropriate behavior varies from one situation to another?

A) Situational leadership
B) Trait-based leadership
C) Transformational leadership
D) Transactional leadership
E) Charismatic leadership

Question 29

The situational approach to leadership is concerned with the contingent outcomes and consequences of leader behavior rather than universal outcomes and consequences.

Question 30

The behavioral approach to leadership assumes that appropriate leader behavior varies from one situation to another.

Question 31

When a leader asks for employee's suggestions and input in the decision making process, what type of leadership style is being utilized?

A) Directive
B) Supportive
C) Participative
D) Achievement
E) Transformational

Question 32

Which method of leadership encourages supervisors to establish a small number of trusted subordinates and give them special duties and privileges?

A) Transformational
B) Charismatic
C) Leader-member exchange
D) Decision tree
E) Path-glory

Question 33

Describe how the behavioral approach to leadership could apply to the situational approach to leadership.

Question 34

Which of following describes the activities MOST involved with transactional leadership?

A) The implementation of a corporate vision
B) The implementation of organizational transformations
C) The implementation of routine activities
D) The implementation of employee incentives
E) The implementation of situational problem solving

Question 35

Which approach to leadership only considers subordinate participation in decision making, yet does not address other aspects of leadership?

A) Decision tree
B) Leader-member exchange
C) Transformational
D) Path-glory
E) Directive leader

Question 36

Which of the following is a fundamental element of charismatic leadership?

A) Planning
B) Controlling
C) Analyzing
D) Influencing
E) Organizing

Question 37

What is the difference between employee-focused leadership and task-focused leadership?

Question 38

The situational approach to leadership gives equal weight to the elements of the situation and the characteristics of the leader and followers in order to ascertain the outcomes of a leader's actions.

Question 39

A leader who sets levels of expectation, then gives direction and guidance and determines work schedules uses what type of leadership theory?

A) Transformational
B) Directive
C) Supportive
D) Participative
E) Achievement-oriented

Question 40

Which of the following may describe charismatic leadership?

A) An approach to leadership emphasizing the perspectives of the leader
B) An approach to leadership emphasizing the perspectives of the followers
C) An approach to leadership emphasizing the perspectives of the clientele
D) An approach to leadership emphasizing the perspectives of the managers
E) An approach to leadership emphasizing the perspectives of all parties in the organization

Question 41

Which of the following organizational aspects allows employees to perform capably without the direction of a leader?

A) Leadership neutralizers
B) Leadership substitutes
C) Leadership incentives
D) Leadership guidelines
E) Leadership obstructions

Question 42

Describe a situation in which a leader would choose a more transactional approach to her leadership over a more transformational one.

Question 43

High levels of experience and group cohesiveness among subordinates cannot neutralize leadership.

Question 44

When an employee can perform well without a leader, what is indicated?

A) Presence of a rigid reward system
B) Presence of a leadership neutralizer
C) Presence of a leadership substitute
D) Presence of a leadership incentive
E) Presence of a highly automated system

Question 45

Which of the following describes one of the primary concerns associated with charismatic leadership due to severe devotion to a particular leader?

A) The potential lapse of ethical practices
B) The potential inability to replace leadership efficiently
C) The potential encouragement of micromanaging
D) The potential stagnation of corporate vision
E) The potential creation of bureaucracy

Question 46

Which of the following may be a substitute for leadership?

A) Lax individual professionalism
B) Group divisiveness
C) Explicit plans and goals
D) A loose system of rules and procedures
E) A performance-based reward system

Question 47

Which states the correct definition of collectivism?

A) A greater focus on group characteristics than on individual characteristics
B) A greater focus on the group than on the individual
C) A greater focus on the individual within a group than on the individual without a group
D) A greater focus on individuals who are most successful
E) A greater focus on groups that have been operative for the longest time

Question 48

Rigid rules and procedures, along with individual professionalism, may render leader behavior unnecessary.

Question 49

According to current theories of gender roles in leadership, which of the following BEST describes the differences in decision making?

A) Males tend to be more democratic than females in making decisions.
B) Males tend to be more critical than females in making decisions.
C) Males tend to be more autocratic than females in making decisions.
D) Males tend to be more rational than females in making decisions.
E) Males tend to be more charismatic than females in making decisions.

Question 50

Few studies have successfully assessed the meaning and impact of charismatic leadership.

Question 51

Which states the correct definition of individualism?

A) A greater focus on individual characteristics than on cultural characteristics
B) A greater focus on the individual than on the group
C) A greater focus on the individual within a group than on the individual without a group
D) A greater focus on individuals who have been present for the longest time
E) A greater focus on individuals who are in leadership roles

Question 52

What type of factors result in a leadership behavior that has been effective in the past no longer working in a new situation?

A) Substitutes
B) Neutralizers
C) Charisma
D) Transactional
E) Cross-cultural patterns

Question 53

Which of the following accurately describes a primary characteristic of charismatic leaders?

A) They tend to set high expectations for themselves and energize others.
B) They tend to set high expectations for themselves and establish high standards for others.
C) They tend to establish high standards for and energize others.
D) They tend to energize others and establish good, stable practices.
E) They tend to set high expectations for themselves and establish good, stable practices.

Question 54

What type of leadership recognizes the need for change then creates and executes a plan for change?

A) Transformational
B) Transactional
C) Charismatic
D) Supportive
E) Directive

Question 55

Taking over a leadership role from a charismatic leader is less challenging than taking over from a leader lacking charisma.

Question 56

Which of the following BEST describes the effects of leadership neutralizers in an organization?

A) They tend to make leader behavior ineffective.
B) They tend to make leaders more charismatic.
C) They tend to outweigh the need for leader behavior.
D) They tend to make managers become effective leaders.
E) They tend to make leaders more neutral toward employees.

Question 57

How can norms and cohesiveness in a work group neutralize leadership?

Question 58

Contrast leadership substitutes with leadership neutralizers.

Question 59

Leadership neutralizers tend to outweigh a leader's ability to affect a subordinate's performance.

Question 60

Identify three crucial elements of charismatic leadership.

Question 61

Which is the MOST accurate statement regarding one of the main differences between the Japanese and American cultures?

A) Overall, Japanese culture is often characterized as conservative, whereas American culture is often characterized as liberal.
B) Overall, Japanese culture is often characterized as rigidly structured, whereas American culture is often characterized as loosely structured.
C) Overall, Japanese culture is often characterized as authoritarian, whereas American culture is often characterized as democratic.
D) Overall, Japanese culture is often characterized as collectivist, whereas American culture is often characterized as individualist.
E) Overall, Japanese culture is often characterized as socialist, whereas American culture is often characterized as capitalist.

Question 62

The ethical behaviors of top management are less of a concern today compared to the past.

Question 63

Which of the following is considered to be one of the biggest challenges facing virtual leaders and their workers today?

A) Clear goals and measurements for projects
B) Feelings of isolation
C) Highly complex work environments
D) Inconsistent "big pictures" for employees
E) Organizational commitment

Question 64

In exercising strategic leadership, what is a leader MOST likely to do?

A) Focus on company efficiency
B) Focus on hiring the right people
C) Align the company with its environment
D) Avoid environmental impact on the firm
E) Engage the firm with community organizations

Question 65

Which of the following best describes the new, modern role of a leader?

A) Overseer
B) Individualist
C) Collectivist
D) Coach
E) Autocratic

Question 66

Which part of the management of an organization would be MOST involved with strategic leadership?

A) The top level of management
B) The supervisory level of management
C) The advisory level of management
D) The auxiliary level of management
E) All levels of management

Question 67

Which of the following types of leaders has the primary role of helping a less experienced person learn how to function and to advance within an organization?

A) Enabler
B) Mentor
C) Manager
D) Taskmaster
E) Motivator

Question 68

How can virtual leaders ensure effective communication with remote workers?

A) Develop a strong one-way process for communication.
B) Limit active listening.
C) Use multiple channels to communicate.
D) Minimize the use of structured work-related events.
E) Allow each remote employee to establish ground rules for getting work done.

Question 69

From a coaching perspective, what roles might an organizational leader assume?

Question 70

Most leadership theories and studies have focused on the roles of both men and women in leadership roles.

Question 71

Which of the following identifies international differences and diversity issues within an organization?

A) Culture
B) Individualism
C) Collectivism
D) Diversity
E) Autocracy

Question 72

In addition to understanding the organization's history and culture, what must a leader understand in order to be effective at strategic leadership?

A) The external environment
B) The needs of stakeholders
C) The advantages to virtual leadership
D) The hiring process
E) How men and women respond to various leadership styles

Question 73

Male leaders tend to be no more task-focused than female leaders.

Question 74

Which of the current business characteristics has brought the rise of virtual leadership?

A) More communication within the organization
B) Little communication among employees
C) More face-to-face communication within the organization
D) Less face-to-face communication within the organization
E) Little communication between employees and management

Question 75

Recent corporate scandals that have shaken the public's faith in business leadership have brought increased attention to what area of leadership?

A) Virtual leadership
B) Ethical leadership
C) Strategic leadership
D) Employee-focused leadership
E) Charismatic leadership

Question 76

What is the term for those who work with less experienced employees to learn how to advance within the organization?

A) Overseer
B) Coach
C) Individualist
D) Collectivist
E) Mentor

Question 77

How will leadership styles change in a collective culture when compared to an individualistic culture?

Question 78

Leaders at the now defunct energy company Enron were recognized as having demonstrated exemplarily high ethical leadership.

Question 79

A coaching role may include taking on responsibilities as a mentor.

Question 80

A manager working in the United States will typically see a high level of collectivism among workers.