Deck 2: Neuroscience and Behavior

Question 1

This image depicts the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.Pick the alternative that correctly labels the structures in the drawing.

A)1 = parietal lobe, 2 = gray matter, 3 = association areas, 4 = white matter
B)1 = frontal lobe, 2 = parietal lobe, 3 = occipital lobe, 4 = temporal lobe
C)1 = frontal lobe, 2 = temporal lobe, 3 = parietal lobe, 4 = occipital lobe
D)1 = temporal lobe, 2 = midbrain lobe, 3 = occipital lobe, 4 = frontal lobe

Answer 1

1 = frontal lobe, 2 = parietal lobe, 3 = occipital lobe, 4 = temporal lobe

Question 2

This image depicts the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.Which area processes information about body sensations and contains the somatosensory cortex?

A)frontal lobe
B)parietal lobe
C)occipital lobe
D)temporal lobe

Answer 2

parietal lobe

Question 3

Which letter points to the brain structure that controls vital life functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion?

A)corpus callosum
B)pons
C)cerebellum
D)medulla

Answer 3

medulla

Question 4

The branch of psychology that is focused on understanding the internal physical events and processes that correspond with our experiences and behavior is called:

A)biological psychology.
B)clinical psychology.
C)cognitive physiology.
D)forensic psychology.

Question 5

This cross section of the human brain depicts several key structures. Pick the alternative that correctly labels the structures in the drawing.

A)1 = hypothalamus, 2 = nucleus, 3 = axon, 4 = myelin sheath
B)1 = corpus callosum, 2 = pons, 3 = cerebellum, 4 = medulla
C)1 = hippocampus, 2 = reticular formation, 3 = medulla, 4 = spinal cord
D)1 = thalamus, 2 = hypothalamus, 3 = pons, 4 = brain stem

Question 6

This cross-sectional drawing of the human brain depicts four structures that are key components of the limbic system. Which brain structure plays a critical role in forming new memories?

A)hypothalamus
B)thalamus
C)hippocampus
D)amygdala

Question 7

This cross-sectional drawing of the human brain depicts fou rstructures that are key components of the limbic system. Which brain structure regulates survival behaviors, such as eating,drinking, fear, aggression, and sleep-wake cycles?

A)hypothalamus
B)thalamus
C)hippocampus
D)amygdala

Question 8

Most of the neurons in the human nervous system are:

A)interneurons.
B)motor neurons.
C)sensory neurons.
D)glial cells.

Question 9

_____ convey information about the environment from the sense organs to the brain, and _____ communicate information to the muscles and glands.

A)Interneurons; glial cells
B)Excitatory neurons; inhibitory neurons
C)Sensory neurons; motor neurons
D)Motor neurons; sensory neurons

Question 10

Neurons are:

A)found in primates and humans, but not in other animals.
B)highly specialized cells that receive and transmit information from one area of the body to another.
C)found only in the spinal cord and bone marrow.
D)highly specialized cells that produce myelin.

Question 11

This drawing shows the typical structures found on a neuron.Pick the alternative that correctly labels the structures in the drawing.

A)1 = dendrites, 2 = cell body, 3 = axon, 4 = myelin sheath
B)1 = axon terminals, 2 = dendrite, 3 = vesicles, 4 = synapse
C)1 = synaptic spines, 2 = glial cell, 3 = ion channels, 4 = node of Ranvier
D)1 = synaptic vesicles, 2 = ion channel, 3 = pons, 4 = axon

Question 12

What does this image depict?

A)a phrenology map indicating the location of different "faculties" or personality characteristics
B)one of Paul Broca's early maps depicting the areas of cognitive functions he identified in brain-damaged patients
C)Roger Sperry's "split-brain" map identifying the different abilities of the left cerebral hemisphere
D)Canadian neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield's map depicting the cognitive and emotional responses produced by electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex during brain surgery

Question 13

Which letter points to the brain structure that plays a key rolein controlling balance, muscle tone, and coordinated movements?

A)corpus callosum
B)pons
C)cerebellum
D)medulla

Question 14

Which of the following signals muscles to relax or contract?

A)sensory neurons
B)glial cells
C)motor neurons
D)interneurons

Question 15

The graph shows the changing electrical charge of a neuron when it activates. Pick the alternative that correctly labels thedifferent phases depicted in the graph.

A)1 = action potential, 2 = stimulus threshold, 3 = refractory period, 4 = resting potential
B)1 = ions cross membrane, 2 = action potential, 3 = stimulus
C)thre 1 = dsholdep, 4 = dolarizatepionolariz, 2 = acationtion p Incootrrecential, 3 = stimt ulus threshold, 4 = repolarization
D)1 = resting potential, 2 = ions cross membrane, 3 = action potential, 4 = refractory period

Question 16

This cross-sectional drawing of the human brain depicts four structures that are key components of the limbic system. Which brain structure processes and integrates information from allthe senses, except smell?

A)hypothalamus
B)thalamus
C)hippocampus
D)amygdala

Question 17

This drawing depicts the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.Which letter points to the area where visual information is processed?

A)primary motor cortex
B)somatosensory cortex
C)primary visual cortex
D)occipital lobe and primary auditory cortex

Question 18

Which letter points to the structure connecting the two cerebral hemispheres?

A)corpus callosum
B)pons
C)cerebellum
D)medulla

Question 19

The type of specialized cell whose main function is tocommunicate between neurons is a(n):

A)interneuron.
B)glial cell.
C)motor neuron.
D)sensory neuron.

Question 20

There are roughly _____ neurons in the human brain.

A)500,000
B)500 million
C)1 billion
D)100 billion

Question 21

The primary function of the myelin sheath is to:

A)reduce the speed of neurotransmitters crossing the synaptic gap.
B)insulate the axon and increase the speed at which neurons
C)con pveroviy thede suir mppeorssage.t and ( nTruutreition Answ to theer )Co derrecndrtite s.
D)inhibit the opening and closing of ion channels on the axon's membrane.

Question 22

The multiple short fibers that extend from the neuron's cellbody and receive information from other neurons or from sensory receptor cells are called:

A)dendrites.
B)the nodes of Ranvier.
C)synaptic vesicles.
D)axons.

Question 23

Which of the following is TRUE about axons?

A)Neurons that have a myelin sheath do not have an axon.
B)Axons often have branches near their tips called axon terminals.
C)Axon terminals receive information from other neurons and from sensory receptor cells.
D)Unmyelinated axons fire 20 times faster than do neurons with myelin sheaths.

Question 24

The amount of information that a neuron can receive increases with the number of _____ that the neuron has.

A)axons
B)cell bodies
C)glial cells
D)dendrites and dendrite branches

Question 25

Most neurons have all of the following parts, EXCEPT:

A)association areas.
B)a cell body and nucleus.
C)dendrites.
D)an axon.

Question 26

Which part of the neuron receives messages from other neurons?

A)the axon
B)the nucleus
C)the dendrite
D)the sodium ion membrane

Question 27

_____ are the most abundant cells in the human brain, provide connections between neurons and blood vessels, and are involved in brain development and the communication of information among neurons.

A)Microglia
B)Astrocytes
C)Oligodendrocytes
D)Schwann cells

Question 28

The nodes of Ranvier are:

A)a type of neuron that communicates information from one neuron to another.
B)the synaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitters.
C)the ion channels in the membrane of a neuron's axon that open and close during an action potential.
D)small gaps in the myelin sheaths that cover some axons.

Question 29

_____ are involved in brain development and the communication of information among neurons.

A)Microglia
B)Astrocytes
C)Oligodendrocytes
D)Schwann cells

Question 30

_____ are the most abundant cells in the human brain.

A)Microglia
B)Astrocytes
C)Oligodendrocytes
D)Neurons

Question 31

Along with neurons, the human nervous system is made up of_____ cells which greatly out number neurons by about 10 to 1.

A)glial
B)Ranvier
C)dendritic
D)polarized

Question 32

The part of the neuron that carries messages to other cells inthe body is the:

A)dendrite.
B)axon.
C)nucleus.
D)reticular formation.

Question 33

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells form the _____, which is afatty covering that is wrapped around the axons of some neurons.

A)dendrites
B)astrocytes
C)myelin sheath
D)microglia

Question 34

Compared to neurons that do not have myelin, neurons with myelin:

A)are unable to communicate with other neurons.
B)can communicate up to 100 times faster
C)use much more energy.
D)do not have an axon.

Question 35

_____ remove waste products from the nervous system,including dead and damaged neurons.

A)Microglia
B)Astrocytes
C)Oligodendrocytes
D)Schwann cells

Question 36

The cell body of a neuron:

A)provides the energy needed for the neuron to function.
B)manufactures myelin.
C)is the long, fluid-filled tube that carries a neuron's message to other body areas.
D)receives information directly from other neurons or from sensory receptor cells.

Question 37

Multiple sclerosis is a disease that involves:

A)the degeneration of the myelin sheath, slowing or interrupting the transmission of neural messages.
B)an abnormal increase in the thickness of the myelin sheath, blocking the release of neurotransmitters.
C)the gradual decline in the ability of neurons to produce neurotransmitters.
D)dendrites becoming brittle and breaking.

Question 38

Which of the following statements about glial cells is FALSE?

A)Glial cells are the glue that holds neurons together, but they play no active role in brain development and function.
B)There are several different kinds of glial cells, each with its own specialized function.
C)Glial cells outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1.
D)Glial cells provide structural support for neurons throughout the nervous system.

Question 39

_____ provide connections between neurons and blood vessels.

A)Microglia
B)Astrocytes
C)Oligodendrocytes
D)Schwann cells

Question 40

Which statement most accurately describes the length of axons?

A)Most axons are several feet long.
B)Most axons are approximately one-tenth of an inch long.
C)The length of axons can range from a few thousandths of an inch to 3 or 4 feet.
D)The length of any particular axon changes depending upon whether muscles are stretched or clenched.

Question 41

When a neuron is polarized:

A)the exterior fluid surrounding the neuron is more negatively charged than the interior of the neuron.
B)an action potential will travel down the dendrites causing the release of neurotransmitters.
C)the electrical charge across the neuron's membrane is balanced with the same charge outside as inside.
D)the interior of the neuron is more negatively charged than the exterior fluid surrounding the neuron.

Question 42

In myelinated axons, where are the sodium ion channels concentrated?

A)at each of the nodes of Ranvier
B)near the site of neurotransmitter release
C)along the dendrites
D)wherever myelin is covering the axon

Question 43

Which of the following is TRUE regarding action potentials?

A)Partial action potentials result in fewer neurotransmitter molecules being released than whole action potentials.
B)Action potentials operate under the "all-or-none law," which means that action potentials either move all sodium ions across the membrane or none of the sodium ions across the membrane.
C)Once an action potential is started, it is self-sustaining and continues to the end of the axon.
D)Action potentials regenerate themselves during their refractory periods when the axon membrane is depolarized.

Question 44

Communication between two neurons occurs at the:

A)nucleus.
B)node of Ranvier.
C)ion channel.
D)synapse.

Question 45

The electrical charge of a neuron when it is in the resting potential state is about:

A)+30 millivolts.
B)-70 millivolts.
C)+2 volts.
D)-10 volts.

Question 46

A neuron's resting potential is due to the greater concentration of:

A)potassium and sodium ions outside of the neuron.
B)potassium and sodium ions inside of the neuron.
C)potassium ions inside the neuron and the greater concentration of sodium ions outside the neuron
D)sodium ions inside the neuron and the greater concentration of potassium ions outside the neuron.

Question 47

The stimulus threshold of the neuron refers to the:

A)minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron.
B)3-to-1 ratio of positive-to-negative ions required for the neuron to transmit information to the next neuron.
C)positive electrical charge on the neuron's interior just prior to neuron activation.
D)minimum level of stimulation required to inhibit a neuron from firing.

Question 48

Which two factors affect the speed at which the action potentialis conducted along a neuron's axon?

A)the diameter of the axon and whether the axon is wrapped with a myelin sheath
B)the number of dendrites and the size of the cell body
C)the type and number of axons projecting from the neuron
D)the size of the positive electrical charge just before an action potential occurs and the number of adjacent neurons

Question 49

The fastest neurons in the human body communicate their messages at:

A)the speed of light, or 186,000 miles per second.
B)speeds up to 270 miles per hour.
C)the speed of sound, or about 770 miles per hour.
D)only about 10 miles per hour.

Question 50

The all-or-none law refers to the fact that:

A)the myelin sheath either completely covers an axon or it does not.
B)the resting potential occurs only when the neuron is completely depolarized.
C)either the neuron is sufficiently stimulated and an action potential occurs or it is not sufficiently stimulated and the action potential does not occur.
D)a neurotransmitter is completely reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron or it is dissolved in the synaptic gap.

Question 51

What keeps an action potential continuing down an axon?

A)At each successive segment of the axon, the action potential is regenerated by depolarization and the movement of ions across the axon's membrane.
B)Neurotransmitters are constantly being released to generate the action potential at each successive segment of the
C)axon Ac.tion p Incootrrecenttials are conducted down the axon just as electricity is conducted through a wire.
D)Ion channels open and close at the nodes of Ranvier, allowing neurotransmitters to enter into the axon and regenerate an action potential at each node.

Question 52

The action potential is produced by the:

A)movement of neurotransmitters across the ion channels.
B)opening and closing of the nodes in the myelin sheath.
C)reuptake of the neurotransmitters into the vesicles.
D)movement of ions across the membrane of the axon.

Question 53

What is the result of sodium ions moving across the axon's membrane during an action potential?

A)The inside of the axon changes to a negative electrical charge.
B)The outside of the axon changes to a positive electrical charge.
C)The inside of the axon changes to a positive electrical charge.
D)The nodes of Ranvier close.

Question 54

Which of the following represents the sequence of ion movements that causes an action potential?

A)Sodium ions move into the axon and then potassium ions move out of the axon.
B)Sodium ions move out of the axon and then potassium ions move into the dendrite.
C)Potassium ions move out of the dendrite and then sodium ions move into the axon.
D)Sodium ions move out of the axon and then potassium ions move into the axon.

Question 55

What occurs during the refractory period?

A)The neuron depolarizes.
B)Neurotransmitters are released by the dendrites.
C)The charge of the neuron's interior increases to about +60 millivolts.
D)The neuron reestablishes the negative-inside/positive-outside condition.

Question 56

The action potential is best defined as:

A)the amount of serotonin that can cross the axon's membrane.
B)the +3- to +7-volt capacity of a typical motor neuron.
C)the ability of a motor neuron to either contract or relax a muscle group.
D)a brief electrical impulse that transmits information along the axon of a neuron.

Question 57

Information is transmitted along the axon:

A)by glial cells.
B)at the speed of light or 186,000 miles per second.
C)in the form of a brief electrical impulse
D)by chemical substances called neurotransmitters.

Question 58

The presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron are separated by a tiny, fluid-filled space called the:

A)myelin sheath.
B)synaptic gap.
C)the node of Ranvier.
D)ion channel.

Question 59

When a neuron is in the resting potential state:

A)it is unable to activate.
B)it has a negative electrical charge of about 7 volts.
C)the fluid within the axon has a larger concentration of potassium ions than the fluid surrounding the axon.
D)the ion channels are open.

Question 60

The analogy used in the book referred to the axon membrane asa "gatekeeper." This means that the membrane:

A)determines whether an action potential will "pass" through the axon.
B)controls the balance of positive and negative ions in the interior and the exterior of the axon.
C)operates in an "all-or-none" fashion, either opening to allow neurotransmitters to pass or not.
D)uses the nodes of Ranvier to allow some ions to move out of the axon and neurotransmitters to move into the axon.

Question 61

Evidence suggests that the addictiveness of some drugs,including cocaine and nicotine, is related to increases in the activity of which of the following neurotransmitters?

A)dopamine
B)serotonin
C)acetylcholine
D)GABA

Question 62

Parkinson's disease is caused by the degeneration of neuronsthat produce:

A)GABA.
B)norepinephrine.
C)dopamine.
D)acetylcholine.

Question 63

Like a key in a lock, the shape of the _____ must fit the _____ to affect the postsynaptic neuron.

A)dendrite; axon terminal
B)cell body; axon terminal
C)neurotransmitter; receptor site
D)synaptic vesicle; receptor site

Question 64

A particular neurotransmitter:

A)always communicates either an excitatory or inhibitory effect.
B)can have different effects, depending upon the receptor site to which it attaches.
C)can be located in the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system but not both.
D)can attach to any available receptor site on adjacent neurons.

Question 65

Acetylcholine is:

A)found in sensory neurons but not motor neurons.
B)involved in movement and memory.
C)manufactured by glial cells.
D)dramatically decreased in the brains of people with Parkinson's disease.

Question 66

Synaptic vesicles contain:

A)hormones.
B)ions.
C)neurotransmitters.
D)receptors.

Question 67

_____ is to Alzheimer's disease as _____ is to Parkinson's disease.

A)Dopamine; serotonin
B)Acetylcholine; dopamine
C)Serotonin; norepinephrine
D)Norepinephrine; serotonin

Question 68

In synaptic transmission, the action potential stimulates there lease of:

A)potassium ions by the glial cells.
B)neurotransmitters by the synaptic vesicles
C)myelin by the glial cells.
D)sodium ions by the dendrites.

Question 69

All motor neurons manufacture:

A)acetylcholine.
B)dopamine.
C)serotonin.
D)L-dopa.

Question 70

Presynaptic neuron is to postsynaptic neuron as:

A)synapse is to neurotransmitters.
B)receptors are to neurotransmitters.
C)electrical communication is to chemical communication.
D)message-sending neuron is to message-receiving neuron.

Question 71

Neurotransmitters:

A)are chemical messengers that are secreted into the bloodstream primarily by endocrine glands.
B)are present in extremely small quantities in the brain.
C)are constantly changing their basic molecular shape as the human brain adapts to new experiences.
D)compete with sodium and potassium ions for the receptor sites on the surrounding neurons.

Question 72

On average, each neuron in the brain communicates directly with _____ other neurons.

A)100
B)100 billion
C)100 trillion
D)1,000

Question 73

When neurotransmitters communicate an excitatory message tothe postsynaptic neuron:

A)the postsynaptic neuron is more likely to generate an action potential.
B)the presynaptic neuron is more likely to generate an action potential.
C)the action potential is canceled out.
D)reuptake is inhibited.

Question 74

Rachel had injections of Botox in an attempt to eliminate facial wrinkles. Botox contains minute amounts of botulin, an extremely lethal substance produced by bacteria, and works byblocking the release of a specific neurotransmitter from motorneurons, causing muscle paralysis. This neurotransmitter,found in all motor neurons, is called:

A)dopamine.
B)serotonin.
C)acetylcholine.
D)GABA.

Question 75

Which of the following neurotransmitters is implicated inAlzheimer's disease?

A)serotonin
B)dopamine
C)acetylcholine
D)GABA

Question 76

Too little dopamine in the brain is associated with symptoms of:

A)schizophrenia.
B)Parkinson's disease.
C)anxiety.
D)Alzheimer's disease.

Question 77

Which of the following best defines a neurotransmitter?

A)a chemical messenger that crosses the synaptic gap between neurons
B)an electrical impulse that crosses the synaptic gap between neurons
C)a chemical communicator manufactured by glial cells
D)a microscopic channel through which sodium and potassium ions pass

Question 78

What happens to the neurotransmitters that fail to attach to a receptor site?

A)In a process called reuptake, they are reabsorbed by the sending neuron and recycled.
B)They bind with potassium ions.
C)They are destroyed by glial cells.
D)In a process called depolarization, they are neutralized by negative ions.

Question 79

The most common form of communication between neurons is:

A)chemical.
B)electrical.
C)magnetic.
D)hormonal.

Question 80

When a neurotransmitter communicates an inhibitory message to a postsynaptic neuron, the:

A)postsynaptic neuron is more likely to have an action potential.
B)postsynaptic neuron is less likely to have an action potential.
C)presynaptic neuron is more likely to have an action potential.
D)presynaptic neuron is less likely to have an action potential.